External Ocular Signs of Systemic Disease Flashcards
What are external ocular signs of systemic disease?
Physical changes in the eyes or surrounding tissues that indicate underlying systemic conditions.
What are common systemic diseases associated with external ocular signs?
Diabetes, hypertension, thyroid disease, autoimmune disorders, and infections.
What is xanthelasma, and what does it indicate?
Yellow plaques on the eyelids, often associated with hyperlipidaemia.
What is arcus senilis, and what systemic condition can it suggest in younger patients?
A grey-white ring around the cornea, which may indicate hyperlipidaemia in younger individuals.
What ocular findings are associated with Graves’ disease?
Proptosis, lid retraction, periorbital oedema, and conjunctival redness.
What is Kayser-Fleischer ring, and what condition is it associated with?
A brownish ring at the corneal margin caused by copper deposition, seen in Wilson’s disease.
What is episcleritis, and what systemic diseases can it indicate?
Inflammation of the episclera, associated with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other autoimmune conditions.
What is scleritis, and what systemic conditions can it be linked to?
Painful inflammation of the sclera, often associated with systemic vasculitis (e.g., granulomatosis with polyangiitis).
What is a subconjunctival haemorrhage, and what systemic condition can it indicate?
Bleeding under the conjunctiva, sometimes associated with hypertension or clotting disorders.
What are Roth spots, and what systemic condition are they associated with?
Retinal haemorrhages with white centres, often seen in infective endocarditis or leukaemia.
What are the ocular findings in diabetes?
Retinal microaneurysms, haemorrhages, exudates, neovascularisation, and diabetic macular oedema.
What are the ocular signs of hypertension?
Retinal arteriolar narrowing, AV nicking, cotton wool spots, and haemorrhages.
What are the ocular signs of anaemia?
Conjunctival pallor and retinal haemorrhages.
What is hypertensive retinopathy, and how is it graded?
Retinal changes caused by chronic hypertension, graded using the Keith-Wagener-Barker classification.
What are the ocular findings in sarcoidosis?
Uveitis, conjunctival granulomas, and optic nerve involvement.
What are the ocular findings in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, retinal vasculitis, and optic neuropathy.
What are the ocular signs of vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, Bitot’s spots, and corneal xerosis.
What are the ocular findings in Marfan syndrome?
Ectopia lentis (lens dislocation) and myopia.
What are the ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS?
Cotton wool spots, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, and Kaposi sarcoma involving the eyelids.
What is Horner’s syndrome, and what systemic condition can it indicate?
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis, often caused by a lesion along the sympathetic pathway (e.g., apical lung tumour).
What are the ocular signs of tuberculosis?
Uveitis, choroiditis, and optic neuritis.
What are the ocular signs of rheumatoid arthritis?
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, scleritis, and episcleritis.
What are the ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis?
Optic neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and nystagmus.
What are cherry-red spots in the retina, and what systemic conditions are they associated with?
Seen in Tay-Sachs disease and central retinal artery occlusion.
Why is it important to recognise external ocular signs of systemic disease?
Early detection of systemic conditions can lead to timely diagnosis and management, improving patient outcomes.
