Storage

Question 1

Sensory memory

Answer 1

a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

Question 2

Iconic memory

Answer 2

a fast-decaying store of visual information

Question 3

Echoic memory

Answer 3

a fast-decaying store of auditory information

Question 4

How long does iconic memory last?

Answer 4

1 second or less

Question 5

How long does echoic memory last?

Answer 5

5 seconds

Question 6

What is the key to recalling information?

Answer 6

Attention

Question 7

Short-term memory

Answer 7

holds non sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute (7 plus or minus units of information)

Question 8

Rehersal

Answer 8

the process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it (Adds another 15-20 seconds to short term memory)

Question 9

Serial position effect

Answer 9

the first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle

Question 10

Primary effect

Answer 10

Recalling the first few items. These items receive more rehearsal than the middle ones and are more likely to be encoded into long term storage

Question 11

Recency effect

Answer 11

recalling the last few items. These items are still in short term storage

Question 12

Primary and recency can be observed in situations that involve only _____ term storage

Answer 12

long

Question 13

Working memory

Answer 13

active maintenance of information in short term storage (stores and manipulates information)

Question 14

Is working memory the same as short term memory?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

What does working memory suggest?

Answer 15

That there is a link between this part of working memory system and the ability to learn languages

Question 16

What are the 2 subsystems of working memory?

Answer 16

Visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop

Question 17

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 17

visual images

Question 18

Phonological loop

Answer 18

verbal information

Question 19

Central executive

Answer 19

coordinates the subsystem and the episodic buffer

Question 20

Episodic buffer

Answer 20

automatically combines separate items into an integrated whole and is a gateway to a long term memory

Question 21

What plays a role in learning to recognize visual words, which requires verbal and visual information?

Answer 21

Episodic buffer

Question 22

People learn ____ strategies to perform ____ tasks

Answer 22

specific; specific

Question 23

Long term memory

Answer 23

the type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years

Question 24

Which memory has no capacity limits?

Answer 24

Long term memory

Question 25

Explicit memory

Answer 25

act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences, also called declarative memory

Question 26

Episodic memory

Answer 26

collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place (imagining the future)

Question 27

Implicit memory

Answer 27

influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

Question 28

Types of explicit memories

Answer 28

Semantic and episodic

Question 29

Types of implicit memories

Answer 29

Procedural and priming

Question 30

Procedural memory

Answer 30

gradual acquisition of skills as a result pf practice, or knowing how to do things

Question 31

Priming

Answer 31

enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus; less cortical activation (perceptual and conceptual priming)

Question 32

Levels of processing model

Answer 32

the more deeply encoded, the better the memory

Question 33

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 33

encoding by repetition, shallow processing = poor memory

Question 34

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 34

encoding by linking to stored knowledge, deep processing = better memory, mnemonics

Question 35

Which region of the brain is critical for putting new information into long term store

Answer 35

Hippocampal region

Question 36

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 36

the inability to transfer new information from the short store into the long term store

Question 37

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 37

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery

Question 38

Consolidation

Answer 38

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

Question 39

What happens each time a memory is retrieved?

Answer 39

the memories become vulnerable to disruption and must be reconsolidated

Question 40

What happens if reconsolidation is disrupted?

Answer 40

Fear can be eliminated in the amygdala

Question 41

What does memory storage depend on

Answer 41

Synapses

Question 42

What does long term storage involve?

Answer 42

growth of new synaptic connections between neurons

Question 43

What does short term storage involve?

Answer 43

Enhanced neurotransmitter release

Question 44

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 44

communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

Question 45

Long term potentiation can (2 things):

Answer 45

Can be induced rapidly and last for a long time

Question 46

Where does long term potentiation occur?

Answer 46

In several pathways within the hippocampus