Retrieval Flashcards
What is the best way to retrieve information?
To make a connection from outside your head
Retrieval cue
external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
Encoding specificity
subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if cues retrieved at that time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding
Context dependent memory
physical surroundings at encoding act as retrieval cues
State dependent memory
match between internal states at encoding and retrieval (information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval)
2 consequences of retrieval
(1) can impair subsequent memory
(2) can impair the accuracy and change the actual memory
Which region in the brain show activity when people try to retrieve information
Left frontal lobe activity
Which region in the brain show successful retrieval
Hippocampal region activation
Encoding specificity principle
a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded
Transfer-appropriate processing
memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situation match
Recalling hear sounds is associated to what?
The auditory cortex (upper temporal lobe)
Recalling pictures is associated to what?
The visual cortex (occipital lobe)
What does a tip-of-tongue reflect?
A failure of retrieval
Implicit memory
past experience influence later behavior and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection
Procedural memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or knowing how to do things
Priming
an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus such as a word do object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus during an earlier study task
Shown fragments of things to help remember
Associated with reduced activity in various regions of the cortex
Makes it easier for parts of the cortex to identify an item after recent exposure
The brain saves a bit of processing time after priming
Perceptual priming
reflects implicit memory for the sensory features of an item (visual characteristics)
Visual cortex (back of brain)
Right cerebral hemisphere
Conceptual priming
reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use an object
Frontal lobes (front of brain)
Left cerebral hemisphere
Which parts of the brain deal with explicit and episodic memory
Hippocampus and amygdala, as well as the rhinal cortex
Explicit memory
when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences (facts, dates, names, meaning)
Semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
What is the hippocampus not necessary for?
implicit memory and semantic memory
Episodic memory
he collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
What parts of the brain are associated with episodic memory?
Dentate gyrus/cornu ammonis regions 2 & 3
What happens to individuals with hippocampal amnesia?
They might have difficulty imagining new experiences that can happen in the future
Core network
increased in activity when people remember the past and imagine the future
Episodic specificity induction
a brief training in recalling details of past experiences
MORE episodic retrieval = ____
MORE future imagining
Divergent creative thinking
generating creative ideas by combining different types of information in new ways (Alternate Uses Task)
What does explicit memory allow us to do?
To engage in mental time travel and to connect our past and present
Severely deficient autobiographical memory
unable to travel back in time and reexperience their personal pasts
What does severely deficient autobiographical memory show in the brain?
Reduced volume in hippocampus activity
Memory neuromodulators
Neurotransmitters that weaken or enhance memory
Which neurotransmitters enhance memory?
Nts Acetylcholine and Glutamate
Are important emotional events more likely to be stored in memory?
Yes
What does arousal produce?
epinephrine
____ improves memory
Glucose
Amygdala
Control area for neuromodulators
In medial temporal lobe
Stimulation can enhance or impair memory
Active during emotional experiences
Men are more ____ amygdala active
right
Women are more ____ amygdala active
left (sometimes both)
Sharing events with other can ____ them
strengthen
What can produce retrieval induced forgetting?
Omitting other related events
Collaborative memory
how people remember in groups
Groups Can Recall More Than a ______, But Less Than______ Working on Their Own
Single individual, multiple individuals
Nominal group
the combined recall of several individuals recalling target items on their own
Collaborative inhibition
the same number of individuals working together recall fewer items than they would on their own
Collaborative memory (AKA transactive memory)
each member of the couple remembers certain kinds of information that they can share with the other
Flashbulb memories
Moments we’ll never forger (go straight to long term memories)
What part of the brain deals with memory?
Prefrontal cortex
Consolidation
short term memory can be encoded to form long term memories
