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Functional Anatomy & Embryology > Stomach and Spleen > Flashcards

Stomach and Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

Where is stomach located?

A
  • In left side of upper abdomen
  • top
  • Pyloric region (end) located on transpyloric plane
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2
Q

What is shape of stomach?

A

Inverted J-shape

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3
Q

What is top of stomach connected to and where its it located?

A

oesophagus which comes through left dome of diaphragm through level of T10

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4
Q

What does shape of stomach depend on?

A

Height e.g. tall person have tall stomach

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5
Q

What are features and location of hypertonic stomach and how is it caused?

A
  • smaller
  • higher up in abdomen
  • caused by excessive contraction of smooth muscle
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6
Q

What are features and location of hypotonic stomach?

A
  • Elongated J-shape

– drops down into umbilical region

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7
Q

What are features and location of atonic stomach and how is it caused?

A
  • lost muscular tone
  • Sit within pelvis, hypogastric/supra-pubic region
  • lesion of vagus nerve
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8
Q

What is a sheerhorn stomach?

A

short and stocky shape, flattened

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9
Q

List all 9 features of the stomach

A
  1. Cardial notch
  2. Cardia
  3. Fundus
  4. Lesser curvature
  5. Incisura angularis
  6. Body
  7. Greater curvature
  8. Pyloric antrum
  9. Pylorus
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10
Q

What is the cardial notch?

A

Between cardia and fundus

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11
Q

What is cardio-oesophageal junction?

A

Line which marks change in mucosa of oesophagus (smooth) to mucosa of stomach (rough)

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12
Q

What is stomach lined by and why?

A
  • glandular mucosa
    – mucus-secreting cells
  • help protect walls from acidic contents
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13
Q

What is oesophagus lined by?

A

stratified squamous epi

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14
Q

What is function of fundus and what can occur?

A
  • Storage (of air released from food)

- Trapped air bubbles

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15
Q

What is function of cardia?

A

Mucus secretion

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16
Q

What are functions of body?

A
  • Storage
  • Produces:
  • mucus
  • HCl
  • pepsinogen
  • intrinsic factor
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17
Q

What is function of pyloric antrum?

A
  • Mixing/grinding of chyme = food that’s been mixed into slush,
  • produces gastrin
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18
Q

What is function of sphincter in pyloric canal?

A
  • controls release of chyme from stomach to 1st part of duodenum
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19
Q

What happens when pyloric sphincter open?

A

– allows chyme to pushed through pyloric opening by peristaltic waves of contraction of stomach wall – starts from body and goes down into pylorus

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20
Q

What is rugae and its function?

A
  • Longitudinal folds of body wall

- helps to channel chyme downwards with gravity to pyloric antrum

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21
Q

What are 4 functions of stomach?

A
  1. Temporary storage of chyme
  2. Secretions
  3. Breakdown
  4. Absorption – through stomach walls + mucosa
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22
Q

How much chyme does stomach store?

A

Holds from 75mls (empty) - 2 litres (or more, full)

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23
Q

What does the stomach secrete?

A
  • gastrin
  • IF
  • mucus
  • HCl
  • pepsinogen
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24
Q

What does the stomach absorb?

A
  • H2O
  • electrolytes
  • Alcohol
  • aspirin
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25
How long does food remain in stomach?
4 hours
26
What are 5 features of mucosa (innermost layer) of gut wall?
1. Duct of accessory gland (e.g. pancreas, liver) 2. Mucosal gland 3. Sub-mucosal gland 4. GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)
27
What are 3 layers of mucosa?
1. Epithelium 2. Lamina Propria 3. Muscularis Mucosa
28
What is Muscularis Mucosa?
muscle of mucosa allows contraction and wrinkling – move mucosa wall in contact with chime- effective absorption and secretion
29
What are features of submucosa (2nd innermost layer) of gut wall?
- Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus - Submucosa Sub-mucosal gland
30
What does submucosa contain?
- Loose CT - Blood Vessels - Lymphatics - Nerves - Glands
31
What are features of Muscularis Externa?
1. Outer Longitudinal muscle 2. Inner Circular muscle 3. Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus
32
What is special about stomach's Muscularis Externa?
additional inner oblique layer where rest of gut has 2 layers
33
Where does Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus get its feed from and what does this mean?
- vagus nerve | – most of gut moves through parasym stim
34
What are features of Adventitia (CT) or Serosa (serous mem) (final layer) of gut wall?
Connective Tissue or Peritoneum Extrinsic nerves Blood Vessels
35
What are 4 layers of gut wall?
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis Externa 4. Adventitia (CT) or Serosa (serous mem)
36
What are 3 layers of stomach wall?
1. Longitudinal muscle layer 2. Circ muscle layer 3. Oblique muscle layer
37
How is rugae roughened into shape?
by muscularis mucosa
38
What are the 9 posterior relations of stomach?
1. Aorta 2. IVC 3. R + L Kidney 4. SMV 5. SMA 6. Duodenum 7. Jejunum (mainly duodenal jejunal flexure) 8. Uncinate process 9. Pancreas 10. L supra-renal gland
39
What is anterior relation of stomach?
Liver
40
What are blood vessel relations of stomach?
1. Common hepatic artery (IVC) 2. Coeliac trunk (aorta) 3. Splenic artery (aorta)
41
What are veins of stomach?
1. SVC 2. IVC 3. Azygos vein 4. Oesophageal plexus 5. Hepatic portal vein 6. Splenic vein 7. IMV 8. SMV
42
What is splenic vein and what does it supply?
- branch of SMV | - foregut
43
What is SMV and what does it supply?
- what hepatic portal vein becomes | - Midgut
44
What is IMV and what does it supply?
- branch of SMV | - Hindgut
45
What does hepatic portal vein supply?
blood from entire gut
46
What are branches of common hepatic artery?
- becomes proper hepatic artery - R + L hepatic artery - cystic artery
47
What are branches of proper hepatic artery?
- R gastric artery | - Gastroduodenal artery
48
What is R gastric artery?
- Branch to lesser curvature | – normally branches off proper hepatic artery but could come from anywhere on this artery
49
What is R gastroepipolic artery and where does it go?
- where Gastroduodenal artery becomes this - Artery to stomach (greater curvature) - Heads down behind 1st part of duodenum
50
What is superior pancreaticoduodenal artery?
Branch of juction between Gastroduodenal and R gastroepipolic arteries
51
What is L gastric artery?
- branch of coeliac trunk | - branches to lesser curvature
52
What is ascending oesophageal artery?
- branch of L gastric artery | - branches to oesophagus
53
What is splenic artery?
- branch of coeliac trunk - where u get most of blood supply to stomach - runs behind stomach
54
What are short gastric arteries?
- branches of splenic artery | - branches to fundus
55
What is L gastroepiploic artery?
- branch of splenic artery - joins R gastroepi artery - branches to greater curvature of stomach
56
List arteries of stomach
1. Common hepatic 2. Proper hepatic 3. R + L hepatic 4. Cystic 5. R + L gastric 6. Gastroduodenal 7. R + L gastroepiploic 8. Superior pancreaticoduodenal 9. Ascending oesophageal 10. Splenic 11. Short gastric
57
What are lymphs nodes of stomach?
1. Coeliac 2. R + L gastric 3. Pyloric 4. R Gastro-omental 5. Pancreaticolienal
58
What is cisterna chyli?
lymph nodes join this sack before it goes through diaphragm
59
List nerves supplying stomach
- R vagus (posterior) - L vagus (anterior) - Pos + ant vagal trunk - Coeliac branch
60
What is R vagus nerve?
branches pos to oesophagus
61
What is pos vagal trunk?
what R vagus nerve becomes
62
What is coeliac branch?
branch of pos vagal trunk
63
What is L vagus nerve?
branches ant to oesophagus
64
What is ant vagal trunk?
what L nerve becomes
65
What is function of vagus nerves?
- Motor (to smooth muscle) | - secretomotor (to mucosal + submucosal glands)
66
What is the location of sympathetic nerves?
T6-T9
67
What is function of symp afferents?
- pain (epigastric)
68
What is function of symp efferents?
- vasoconstriction | - antiperistaltic – reduce movement while vagus causes peristalsis
69
Where is spleen located?
In left hypochondium
70
What is the spleen protected by?
(9th-11th ribs)
71
What are features of spleen?
- Largest lymph organ - Anterior border axillary to mid-axillary plane - Highly vascular from splenic vein - Covered by peritoneum (intra-peri organ)
72
What are functions of spleen?
- removes blood-borne antigens (immunity) » removes and destroys old/damaged blood cells » stores red blood cells and platelets » haemopoiesis = formation of RBCs in fetus
73
Name 5 parts of spleen
1. U + L pole 2. Diaphragmatic surface - Visceral surface: 3. Gastric surface 4. Renal surface 5. Colic surface 6. Pancreatic surface 7. Hilium 8. Ant + inf border
74
Where does upper pole point?
Backwards
75
Where does lower pole point?
Forwards
76
What is diagrammatic surface?
In contact with diaphragm
77
What is gastric surface?
Where stomach sits
78
What is renal surface?
Where upper kidney sits
79
What is colic surface?
Contact with splenic flexure of colon (large bowel)
80
What is hilum?
Where blood vessels are
81
How can you tell enlarged spleen?
See notches of anterior border
82
What is pancreatic surface?
Where bit of pancreas sits
83
What is enlarged spleen due to?
- liver disease - blood cancers (lymphoma, leukemia, myelofibrosis) infections - abnormal blood flow and congestion (e.g portal hypertension, cardiac failure) - Gaucher disease (a lipid storage disease) - blood cell disorders - Inflammatory disease
84
What is azygos vein?
- branch of SVC | - branches to oesophagus
85
What is oesophageal plexus?
What azygous vein branches to
86
What is R gastric vein?
- branch of hepatic portal vein | - branches to lesser curvature
87
What is L gastric vein?
- branch of hepatic portal vein | - branches to lesser curvature on other side
88
What is R gastro-omental artery?
- branch of SMV - joins L gastro-ometal artery - branches to greater curvature
89
What is L gastro-omental artery?
- branch of SMV - joins R gastro-ometal artery - branches to greater curvature
90
What is short gastric vein?
- branch of splenic vein | - branches to spleen

Functional Anatomy & Embryology (8 decks)

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