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Pathology II Exam II > Stomach > Flashcards

Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Name the anatomic regions of the stomach

A
  1. Cardia: most proximal part of stomach, extending a few mm from anatomic GEJ
  2. Fundus: dome-like portion of proximal stomach; functionally body
    3. Body: rest of ~proximal 2/3
  3. Antrum/pylorus: ~distal 1/3; roughly begins at incisura angularis
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2
Q

Which types of glands are found in the cardia, corpus, and antrum?

A
  1. cardia (mucous cells, loosely arranged)
  2. corpus (oxyntic; parietal, chief cell, and ECL-cell containing)
  3. antral (mucous cells, G cells)
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3
Q

Parietal cells secrete what?

A
  • produce H+ under the control of vagal stimulation (acetylcholine), histamine (ECL cells), and gastrin (G cells)
  • Intrinsic factor
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4
Q

Chief cells secrete what?

A

pepsinogen

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5
Q

ECL cells secrete what?

A

histamine

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6
Q

T/F- gastrin promotes H+ production and H+ feedback inhibits gastrin

A

true

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7
Q

If you remove feedback inhibition (e.g. PPI) on parietal cells, what will happen?

A

G cell hyperplasia leads to hypergastrinemia

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8
Q

Review gastroduodenal alarm features (increase pretest probability of malignancy)

A 
Unintended weight loss
Persistent vomiting
Progressive dysphagia
Odynophagia
Unexplained anemia
Hematemesis
Palpable mass/adenopathy
Family history of upper GI cancer
Previous gastric surgery
Jaundice
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9
Q

Review indications for gastroscopy

A

Upper tract symptoms unresponsive to empiric tx
Upper tract symptoms with alarm features
Active/recent upper GI bleeding
Chronic blood loss/iron deficiency anemia (with negative colonoscopy)
Confirm eradication of H. pylori infection in patients with ulcer, persistent symptoms, MALT lymphoma, early gastric cancer
Acute caustic ingestion
Follow up of lesion seen on imaging
Surveillance of premalignant condition
Therapeutic maneuvers

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10
Q

An infant presents with projectile, non-bilious vomiting in the first few weeks of life and an olive shaped abdominal mass if found on physical exam. What is it?

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

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11
Q

An infant presents with severe respiratory distress, pulmonary hypertension and hypoplasia are noted. What is it?

A

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (most through the foramen of Bochdalek-back and to the left)

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12
Q

What is heterotopia?

A

presence of normal tissue in an abnormal anatomic location

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13
Q

Name two important gastropathies implicated in GI bleeding

A
  • portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG)

- Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE)

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14
Q

A patient with PORTAL HYPERTENSION comes in and has an endoscopy done. MOSAIC or SNAKE SKIN LIKE patterns are seen in the BODY of the stomach. What do they have and how is it treated

A
  • portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG)

- reduce portal pressure with B-blockers

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15
Q

A patient with SEVERE LIVER DISEASE, CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE, and chronic RENAL disease who just had a BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT undergoes endoscopy and RED STRIPES RADIATING FROM PYLORUS (WATERMELON STOMACH) is seen. Microscopic exam reveals dilated mucosal micro vessels and FIBRIN THROMBI. What do they have and how is it treated?

A

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE)

Treat with thermal ablation

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16
Q

What is the difference between gastritis and gastropathy?

A

Gastritis – gastric mucosal injury with conspicuous inflammatory component (Acute, Helicobacter, Autoimmune)

Gastropathy – inflammation-poor gastric mucosal injury
Reactive (chemical) (NSAID’s, Bile reflux) or Vascular

17
Q

Name 5 complications of gastritis/gastropathy

A
  • Peptic ulcer disease (Helicobacter, NSAID’s)
  • Intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia carcinoma (Helicobacter, autoimmune)
  • MALT lymphoma(Helicobacter)
  • Neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumor (autoimmune)
  • B12 deficiency (autoimmune)
18
Q

T/F- H. pylori is found in nearly 100 percent of gastric ulcers?

A

False, nearly all duodenal tumors and most gastric ulcers

19
Q

What is the dominant symptom of H. pylori gastritis?

A

dyspepsia (although may also be asymptomatic)

20
Q

What does triple therapy consist of?

A

PPI, amoxicillin, clarithromycin

21
Q

T/F- duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastric carcinoma, and MALT lymphoma are risks associated with H. pylori gastritis

A

true

22
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of duodenal peptic ulcers with respect to H. pylori infection

A

In antral-predominant gastritis, H. pylori results in decreased somatostatin (normally inhibits gastrin), increased gastrin, and increased basal and stimulated acid secretion (especially in patients predisposed to ulcer)

23
Q

T/F- patients with a corpus predominant pattern of helicobacter gastritis are at an increased risk of developing GASTRIC CANCER compared to antral predominant pattern

A

true

24
Q

CD20 stains ___

CD3 stains ___

A

CD20: B cells
CD3: T cells

25
Q

Is MALT lymphoma associated with H. pylori?

A

yes
H. pylori detected in 90% of cases, and many cases will spontaneously resolve with Helicobacter eradication. buzzword is LYMPHOEPITHELIAL LESION

26
Q

Autoimmune (atrophic) gastritis is most common in northern europeans. Autoantibodies are produced and attack what structures?

A

parietal cells/intrinsic factor

27
Q

Autoimmune gastritis can cause what complications?

A

B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia (PA), subacute combined degeneration; carcinoid tumors (10% of pt’s with PA); gastric cancer (1-3%; RR 3-18)

28
Q

In atrophic gastritis, the atrophy manifests as loss of what structure?

A

rugal folds

29
Q

Name 3 clinical reasons for a carcinoid tumor

A
  1. Autoimmune gastritis
  2. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma)
  3. Sporadic

1 & 2 are driven by hypergastrinemia

30
Q

Reactive (chemical) gastropathy is the 2nd most common dx made on gastric biopsies. What are 2 main causes?

A
  1. NSAIDs

2. Bile Reflux

31
Q

What are 3 key features of fundic gland polyps?

A
  • Benign, non-progressing neoplasms
  • Linked to PPI use
  • Fundic gland polyposis in FAP
32
Q

Hyperplastic polyps are the most common gastric polyp. What is their significance?

A

Key significance is a marker for underlying gastric pathology (inflammatory polyp, exaggerated regeneration in a field of inflammatory mucosal pathology such as gastritis or gastropathy)

33
Q

A xanthoma means yellow tumor (collection of lipid-laden macrophages in lamina propria). What is the significance of this in the stomach?

A

Only significance is as maker of past or ongoing injury (similar to hyper plastic polyp)

34
Q

Review key facts about gastric adenoma

A
  • Polyps composed of dysplastic epithelium
  • Can occur “sporadically” (as in colon) but generally arise in inflammatory mucosal pathology
  • Can progress to gastric cancer (although most cancers arise in “flat” dysplasia)
  • Should be removed; indication for surveillance
35
Q

What mutation is present in 80% of GI stromal tumors?

A

KIT activating mutations leading to constitutive tyrosine kinase activity (treat with imatinib mesylate)

36
Q

Describe linitis plastica

A
  • Diffuse; dyscohesive; signet-ring-cells

- Results from CDH1 (e-cadherin) mutation/loss of function, including hereditary examples

37
Q

Describe polypoid cancer

A

-Intestinal; tubular; gland-forming, -Develop via gastritis to intestinal metaplasia to dysplasia to carcinoma sequence)

38
Q

T/F- HER2 oncoprotein is overexpressed in 20% of gastric and 30% of GEJ carcinomas and predicts response to trastuzumab (herceptin)

A

true

Pathology II Exam II (16 decks)

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