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Pathology II Exam II > Breast 1 > Flashcards

Breast 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two cell types that line the ducts and acini of the breast?

A

Inner luminal epithelial cells

Outer myoepithelial cells

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2
Q

What do inner luminal epithelial cells do? myoepithelial cells?

A

Luminal: produce milk during lactation
myoepithelial: contract cells on basement membrane ejecting the milk product.

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3
Q

when do you have the most radiolucent breasts?

A

when you are old because there is more fat content.

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4
Q

what is usually the first sign of breast pathology?

A

A palpable mass

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5
Q

what is the second most common sign of breast pathology?

A

Nipple discharge.

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6
Q

what is the most common cause of nipple discharge?

A

benign intraductal papilloma

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7
Q

what are microcalcifications?

A

calcium deposits usually from tumor cells and necrotic tissue within the ducts

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8
Q

T/F Carcinomas are more radiodense than benign breast tissue?

A

True

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9
Q

What does fat necrosis mimick?

A

breast carcinoma b/c it can present as a palpable mass and show up as radiodense on mamography

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10
Q

Foamy macrophages are a key finding with what type of breast pathology?

A

Fat necrosis

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11
Q

What is infection during breastfeeding with erythema and pain and fever called?

A

mastitis

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12
Q

what are the two most common pathogens that cause mastitis?

A

S. aureus and many strep species.

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13
Q

what is periductal mastitis?

A

what ducts near nipple undergo squamous metaplasia and keratin obstructs the ductal system leading to dilatation and rupture. PAINFUL and common in SMOKERS

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14
Q

when do men usually get gynecomastia?

A

puberty and when old.

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15
Q

what causes gynecomastia? is it unilateral or bilateral?

A

It is caused by the imbalance of estrogens and androgensn in diseases such as Cirrhosis, Kleinfelters and drugs. It can be both unilateral or bilateral.

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16
Q

Breast mouse means which type of lesion?

A

fibroadenoma

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17
Q

T/F fibroadenomas are the most commmon benign breast tumor?

A

True

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18
Q

Fibroadenomas are characterized by proliferation of which tissue types (2)?

A

stromal and epithelial proliferation

19
Q

Lumpy bumpy breast refers to which breast pathology?

A

fibrocystic change AKA (non proliferative change)

20
Q

What are the 3 histologic findings with fibrocytic change?

A

fibrosis
cysts
adenosis

21
Q

Are fibrocytic changes a concern for breast carcinoma?

A

No, they have no increased risk

22
Q

what is adenosis?

A

an increase in anini per lobular unit of the breast.

23
Q

what breast pathology is described as every cell type proliferates, and each at different stages; there are usually more than 2 cell layers comprising the glands?

A

proliferative breast disease without atypia

24
Q

does proliferative breast disease without atypia have an increased risk for carcinoma?

A

yes, 2x

25
Q 
ductal epithelial hyperplasia without atypia
sclerosing adenosis
papillomas
comples radial scars
(these are all part of which grouping?)
A

Proliferative breast disease without atypia (This is proliferation of the DUCTAL epithelium, and these have more than the usual 2 cell layers)

26
Q

which disease is described as proliferation of ductal epithelium (more than 2 layers) that has both cytologic heterogeneity and architectural heterogeneity?

A

Ductal epithelial hyperplasia without atypia

27
Q

T/F ductal epithelial hyperplasia without atypia usually fills the ductal lumen with cells that are irregular in shape and size?

A

True

28
Q

which disease looks like a severely compressed fibrotic stroma but still having only 2 cell layers in the ducts?

A

sclerosing adenosis

29
Q

T/F sclerosing adenosis looks just like breast carcinoma on histology?

A

True

30
Q

what is the most common cause of unilateral bloody discharge?

A

intraductal papillomas (specifically large duct papillomas because they occur near the nipple while small duct papillomas occur in the lobules)

31
Q

Which disease is this describing? [histology: central nidus with fibroelastic stroma containing entrapped glands]

A

complex sclerosing lesion/radial scar

32
Q

does proliferative breast disease with atypia have and increased risk of breast carcinoma?

A

Yes, 5x

33
Q

Lesions included in the proliferative breast disease with atypia include (2)?

A

atypical ductal hyperplasia

atypical lobular hyperplasia

34
Q

what does this describe; punched out regular lumina, cribiform architecture, and monotonous cells?

A

atypical ductal hyperplasia. (you can also frequently see micorcalicifications with this)

35
Q

what does this describe; monotonous poorly cohesive cells (loss of E cadherin), looks like lobular carcinoma in situ?

A

atypical lobular hyperplasia.

36
Q

what is the lifetime risk of a woman acquiring breast cancer?

A

1/8

37
Q

what is the most common malignancy in women?

A

skin cancer

38
Q

what is the second most common malignancy in women?

A

breast cancer

39
Q

why did the incidence of breast cancer increase during the early 90’s?

A 
better detection (so you just find a higher percentage)
Using hormone replacement therapy.
40
Q

which race has the highest incidence of breast cancer?

A

caucasians

41
Q

what are the big risk factors for breast cancer?

A 
AGE
Gender
early menarchy/late menopause
obesity
not breastfeeding
Family history
Gene mutation
42
Q

what percentage of all breast cancers are attributable to familial breast cancers?

A

10%

43
Q

Which gene in autosomal dominant, is involved in DNA repair, and if mutated increases risk for breast cancer risk to 65% by age 70?

A

BRCA 1

44
Q

what percentage of all breast cancers are caused from BRACA 1 and BRACA 2 mutations?

A

3 percent of total

20 percent of familial

Pathology II Exam II (16 decks)

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