STOICISM Flashcards
When and by whom was Stoicism founded?
Around 300 BC by Zeno of Citium
What is the key goal of Stoicism?
To develop self-control and fortitude to overcome destructive emotions.
How does Stoicism approach emotions?
Not through extinction, but through transformation via resolute asceticism (voluntary abstinence from worldly pleasures).
How did Stoics view Platonic Forms and the Ideal World?
They denied their reality and rejected the idea that mind is the sole source of knowledge.
Zeno of Citium founded Stoicism around 300 BC. But before that, he studied under philosophers like __ and __. Can you name them?
Craates of Thebes and Polemo of Athens.
Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude. But what are some specific techniques mentioned in ancient Stoic texts that can help one achieve this?
- Negative visualization: Contemplating the impermanence of things and potential misfortunes to cultivate emotional detachment.
- Meditations on death: Recognizing our mortality to prioritize what truly matters.
- Dichotomy of control: Distinguishing between things we can and cannot control, focusing our energy on the former.
While accepting emotions is key in Stoicism, some emotions are considered more destructive than others. Can you name two such emotions and explain why they’re seen as harmful?
- Anger: It can cloud judgment and lead to rash actions. Stoics believe anger stems from misperceptions about external events and a lack of control over them.
- Fear: It can paralyze us and prevent us from acting in accordance with reason and virtue. Stoics argue that fear often arises from overestimating future negative outcomes.
Stoicism emphasizes living in accordance with nature. But what exactly does “nature” mean in this context?
In Stoicism, “nature” refers to both the cosmos as a whole, governed by universal laws, and the individual’s own internal reason and virtue. Living in accordance with nature means aligning our actions and thoughts with these principles, leading to a harmonious and fulfilling life.
Beyond philosophical ideas, Stoicism also emphasizes practical exercises. Can you mention two daily practices that were recommended by Stoic philosophers?
- Morning reflections: Taking time each morning to visualize challenges you might face and how you’ll respond virtuously.
- Evening review: Reflecting on your actions and thoughts throughout the day, identifying areas for improvement and practicing self-compassion.
Stoicism has influenced many prominent figures throughout history. Can you name one historical figure who was known for their adherence to Stoic principles?
Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius is a famous example. His personal writings, Meditations, offer insights into his Stoic philosophy and how he applied it to his life as a ruler.
The Stoic concept of “apatheia” often gets misinterpreted. Can you explain what it truly means and how it differs from emotional numbness?
Apatheia, in Stoicism, doesn’t mean the absence of emotions but rather the absence of disturbing emotions. It implies a state of emotional calmness and reason, where one is not controlled by irrational passions or impulses.
Who was Seneca and what two roles did he play in Roman society?
Seneca was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, and advisor to Emperor Nero.
Under what circumstances did Seneca die, and how has it been portrayed in art?
Seneca was forced to commit suicide due to false accusations of conspiracy against Nero. His calm and Stoic death has been depicted in numerous paintings.
Besides philosophy, what other artistic legacy did Seneca leave behind?
Seneca was also a renowned tragedian, most famous for his plays “Medea” and “Thyestes.”
How did Epictetus’s background as a slave influence his philosophical path?
Born into slavery, Epictetus sought his owner’s permission to study Stoicism under Musonius Rufus, demonstrating his passion for the philosophy.
What significant contribution did Epictetus make to the dissemination of Stoicism?
Epictetus founded a philosophy school in Greece dedicated to teaching Stoic principles. Interestingly, one of his students, Marcus Aurelius, later became Emperor of Rome.
What can we learn about Stoicism from the teachings of Epictetus?
While no written works by Epictetus himself exist, his teachings were recorded by his student Arrian, offering valuable insights into Stoic concepts like freedom, virtue, and living in accordance with nature.
Describe the unique circumstance under which Marcus Aurelius wrote his famous book “Meditations.”
As Emperor of Rome, Marcus Aurelius wrote “Meditations” during quiet moments amidst his busy war campaigns, offering personal reflections on Stoic principles and how to live a virtuous life.
What makes “Meditations” a valuable resource for understanding Stoicism?
Written not for public consumption, but as personal guidance, “Meditations” reveals Marcus Aurelius’s inner thoughts and struggles, providing an authentic and relatable picture of applying Stoicism in everyday life.
What qualities and achievements made Marcus Aurelius one of the greatest Roman emperors?
Beyond his philosophical writings, Marcus Aurelius is remembered for his leadership, military prowess, and dedication to justice and public good, earning him a reputation as one of Rome’s most respected emperors.
Can you name any other key Stoic philosophers besides Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius?
Zeno of Citium (founder of Stoicism), Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Musonius Rufus, and Epicurus (founder of a contrasting philosophy) are some examples.
What does “passion” mean in Stoic philosophy, and how does it differ from its modern meaning?
In Stoicism, “passion” refers to negative emotions like anger, fear, and desire, which can cloud judgment and lead to suffering. It’s not the same as intense emotions in general.
