Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Finals RP > STIs, Herpes, HIV > Flashcards

STIs, Herpes, HIV Flashcards

1
Q

Are mycobacteria gram positive or negative?

What stain to visualise mycobacteria?

A

Mycobacteria = partially gram-positive

Use acid-fast stain - Ziehl-Neelsen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common side effect of cephalosporins?

A

Gastro side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Carbapenems are what type of antibiotics?

A

Beta-lactam - just like penicillins and cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the side effects of aminoglycosides? aminogl-ycins

A

nephrotoxic and ototoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the side effects of doxycycline?

A

teeth discolouration in children
photosensitivity
type 2 RTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What enzyme do retroviruses use to produce DNA?

A

Reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some examples of retroviruses?

A

HIV, HTLV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What organism causes syphillis?

A

Treponema pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What population is syphillis most common in?

A

MSM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the different types of Syphillis?

A

Primary, Secondary, Latent and Tertiary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is primary syphillis?

A

Primarily ONE ulcer (chancre) in genital region, with painless enlarged lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is secondary syphillis and when does it occur?

A

Occurs 6 weeks after infection
Variable features - fever, muscle aches, lymph nodes

Rash across body
“Snail track” ulcers in mouth
Genital warts - condylamata lata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is tertiary syphillis?

A

If left untreated, can progress to tertiary.

Features:

  • Gummas - granulomas in organs, bone and skin.
  • Cardio - aortic root damage - AR or aneurysm
  • Neuro - Argyll-Roberson pupils, tabes dorsalis, seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Argyll-Robertson pupils?

A

Small pupils that do not react to light, but do constrict to accomodate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is tabes dorsalis?

A

When the dorsal column is de-myelinated bc of syphillis –> leads to loss of prociception and vibration, weakness, ataxia –> positive Romberg’s sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is latent syphillis?

A

Positive serology, without symptoms. May revert to secondary syphillis if immunosuppressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do T.pallidum organisms look like?

A

coiled spirochaete bacterium with a corkscrew appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the investigations for suspected syphillis?

A

1) Treponemal test: but note that - but note that once positive, always positive - so might not show current status. Follow up w non-treponemal tests.
- Serum treponemal enzyme immunoassay - EIA
- TPPA or TPHA.. or FTA-ABS

2) Non-treponemal test:
VDRL or RPR test

3) Dark field microscopy - shows bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

First line Management for Syphillis?

A

Benzathine Penicillin!

If Neuro-syphillis - 28 day course of doxycycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Second line antibiotic for syphillis?

A

Azithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction?

A

Follows antibiotic treatment - where rapid killing of bacteria causes release of lots of toxins suddenly - treat with Prednisolone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What organism causes Gonnorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the risk to neonates if infected with N.gonorrhea or C.trachomatis from mother’s cervix?

A

Sepsis and conjuctivitis that makes them blind!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Investigations for Gonnorrhea?

A

Screen for other STIs

NAAT and Culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Management for Gonorrhea?
Ceftriaxone 500mg IM and Azithromycin 1g PO stat --> Repeat NAAT two weeks on
26
What is Chancroid?
PAINFUL genital ulcer
27
What organism causes Chancroid?
Haemophillus DuCreyi
28
What is first line treatment for chancroid?
Azithromycin
29
What is Granuloma inguinale?
Painless, red ulcers
30
How can you differentiate Granuloma inguinale from Syphillis ulcers?
G. inguinale doesn't usually cause enlarged lymph nodes | Also, donovan bodies found in G.inguinale serology
31
What orgnanism causes Granuloma Inguinale?
Klebsiella granulomatis
32
What is first line treatment for Granuloma Inguinale?
Azithromycin
33
What are the different types of Chlamydia infections and what subtype of C.trachomatis cause them?
Conjuctival chlamydia - caused by subtypes A to C Genital chlamydia - caused by subtypes D - K Lymphogranuloma venereum - caused by L1, L2, L3
34
What organism causes chlamydia infections?
Chlamydia Trachomatis
35
Suspect Chlamydia infection in young adults with...
arthritis! | Especially the Reiter's triad - Reactive arthritis, conjuctivits and urethritis.
36
What is Reiter's syndrome?
Triad of reactive arthritis, conjuctivitis and urithritis, caused by infection w C.Trachomatis or Salmonella
37
Chlamydia investigations?
Screen for other STIs | NAAT and culture
38
Chlamydia management?
Azithromycin | or Doxycyline
39
Which HPV types cause warts?
6 and 11
40
Treatment for HPV warts?
topical podhophyllum or cryotherapy
41
Which HPV types are linked with cervical cancer?
16 and 18
42
Which HPV types does the quadrivalent vaccine protect against?
16, 18 - cancer | 6, 11 - genital warts
43
What organism causes Trichomoniasis?
motile, flagellated protozoa Trichomoniasis Vaginalis
44
Symptoms of Trichomoniasis?
Offensive yellow discharge | Strawberry cervix
45
Investigation and Treatment of Trichomoniasis?
NAAT, Metronidazole
46
What are the three Alpha herpes viruses?
HSV1 HSV2 HHV 3 (also known as VZV)
47
What does HSV1 cause?
Oral herpes - usually goes away by itself but applying acyclovir may help and Herpes Encephalitis
48
What does HSV2 cause and how do you investigate and manage?
Genital Herpes + bilateral painful lymph nodes + flu-like --> do a PCR swab Warm baths, topical lidocaine, oral valacyclovir
49
How can herpes simplex affect the eye?
Herpes simplex keratitis - causes ulcers in the eye --> refer to ophthalmology! + fluorescein stain Treat with topical acyclovir.
50
What should you avoid in herpes simplex keratitis?
Avoid steroids! makes it worse
51
What does HHV3 (VZV) cause?
Chicken pox first time round, then stays latent until it comes back around as Shingles
52
What is shingles?
Re-activation of VZV when immunosuppressed - dematomal distribution, doesn't cross mid-line of body.
53
What are the drug options for post-herpetic neuralgia?
Amitryptiline Duloxetine Gabapentin
54
What is the treatment for active shingles?
Oral valacyclovir
55
What are the beta herpes viruses?
HHV5 (CMV) HHV6 HHV7
56
What is HHV5 (CMV) and what does it cause?
CMV is generally asymptomatic, but a problem in transplant and HIV patients. Can cause CMV retinitis - decreased acuity + pain If crosses into placenta, causes hearing loss, microcephaly and seizures in kids
57
How do you investigate for CMV?
PCR for virus and intranuclear inclusions in tissue samples
58
Treatment for CMV?
Gangiclovir or valgangiclovir | Foscarnet second line
59
What are the two gamma Herpes viruses?
HHV4 (EBV) and HHV8
60
What conditions is EBV linked to?
Burkitt's lymphoma Naso-pharyngeal carcinoma in Asian patients Oral hairy leukoplakia in HIV patients Some Hodgekin's lymphoma
61
What viruses cause Infectious mono-nucleosis (Glandular fever)?
EBV and CMV
62
Test for Infectious mono-nucleosis? Treatment?
Paul-Bunnell or monospot test Mainly supportive: - Avoid alcohol - Avoid contact sports to avoid spleen rupture
63
Which antibiotic should be avoided in infectious mononucleosis and why?
Amoxicillin - causes rash
64
What does HHV-8 virus cause?
Kaposi's sarcoma
65
Which cells does HIV infect and which glycoprotein does it attach to first?
The gp120 glycoprotein on CD4 cells
66
How do you define AIDs?
CD4 count <200 per microlitre or presence of opportunistic infections
67
Investigations for HIV?
HIV 1/2 antibody test first HIV 1/2 differentiation test next - if both negative, move onto --> NAAT test - If positive, there's an acute HIV infection. If this is negative at this stage, first immunoassay was probs false positive
68
What type of pneumonia are HIV patients more likely to get?
Pneumocystic jirovecii pneumonia - fever, cough, SOB OR bacterial pneumonia - S.pneumoniae or H.influenzae
69
Which HIV patients recieve prophylaxis against pneumocystis? What drug for prophylaxis?
If CD4 count <200 or if they've had an infection before Co-trimoxazole prophylactically + IV co-trimoxazole for acute infection treatment
70
What is mycobacterium avium complex infections associated with?
CD4 <50 | Prophylaxis with azithromycin
71
What organism causes Cerebral toxoplasmosis?
protozoa toxoplasma gondii
72
Investigations for Cerebral toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma serology and CT scan - ring enhancing lesions
73
What is the triad of Cerebral toxoplasmosis?
Hydrocephalus Chorio-retinitis Calcifications in the brain
74
Treatment for cerebral toxoplasmosis?
Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine If CD4<100, give co-trimoxazole prophylactically
75
What causes PML?
re-activation of John Cunningham virus --> PCR test for it
76
What kind of meningitis do HIV Patients get?
Crytococcal meningitis - Ix w CSF
77
How do you treat cryptococcal men?
Amphotericin B and fluconazole
78
What virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma?
HHV8 | Treat with radiotherapy or pegylated doxorubicin into the lesion
79
What are three classes of drugs used for HAART?
NRTIs Protease Inhibitors N-NRTIs
80
Examples of NRTIs? | Side effects of NRTIs?
Tenofovir, emtricitabine, zidovudine, lamivudine NRTIs cause peripheral neuropathy Zidovudine causes anaemia, neutropenia, myopathy
81
Examples of Protease Inhibitors? | Side effects of PIs??
- virs (except tenofovir which is NRTI) Dyslipidaemia, diabetes, diarrhea Indinavir can cause kidney stones
82
Examples of N-NRTIs? | Side effects of N-NRTIs?
Efavirenz, nevirapine Insomnia, dizziness
83
What does HAART therapy consist of?
Combination of 3 drugs - usually 2xNRTIs + 1xPI or NNRTI
84
What HIV drugs are given as one tablet?
Tenofovir and Emtricitabine - both NRTIs | Lopinavir and ritonavir (booster) - both PIs

Finals RP (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions