Steroid Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What type of signalling molecule cannot enter the cell without a receptor or other means

A

Hydrophilic/lipophobic

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2
Q

Are steroids hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophobic

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3
Q

What is cholesterol

A

metabolic precursor to steroid hormones and bile acids

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4
Q

What is progesterone

A

sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species

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5
Q

Define a steroid

A

cholesterol-derived ligands for intracellular receptor proteins which mediate hormone signals by altering the expression of specific genes

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6
Q

What processes do steroids play a key role in

A

cell development
reproductive biology
organismal physiology

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7
Q

what are the categories of steroid hormones and what does each play a role in

A

glucocorticoids - glucose metabolism
mineralocorticoids - salt and water balances
androgens - development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates
estrogens - development and maintenance of female reproductive systems

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8
Q

how are steroid hormones transported via endocrine signalling

A

they diffuse across membranes and bind (transport proteins (albumin) that keep them soluble

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9
Q

Explain a steroid mode of action

A

Passively diffuse into target cells
bind to hormone receptors in the cytoplasm which then move to the nucleus
hormone-bound receptor triggers changes in gene expression

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10
Q

what are the cell-specific parameters that govern physiological responses to steroid hormones

A

cell-specific expression of nuclear receptors
availability of ligands
accessibility of target gene DNA sequences in chromatin

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11
Q

Where on DNA do activated nuclear receptors bind

A

hormone regulatory elements (HREs)

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12
Q

Why do steroid receptors flip when they dimerize

A

to increase the specificity of the sequences they can bind

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13
Q

What do palindromic hormone response elements decrease the chance of

A

The sequence being found elsewhere in the genome by chance alone

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14
Q

What stabilizes the dimer interface in glucocorticoid

A

zinc ion (zinc finger domain)

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15
Q

How does glucocorticoid receptor interact with DNA

A

amino acid side chains in the zinc finger domain make sequence-specific contacts with bases of the major groove of DNA

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16
Q

What occurs after ligand binding of glucocorticoid receptor

A

dissociation of chaperones from GR and translocation to the nucleus