Stereotyping and Prejudices

Question 1

What does prejudice mean?

Answer 1

Negative emotional responses toward members of a group.

Can be considered as a negative attitude too

For e.g., Muslims are a minority in India. Hindus feel often that they are non-vegetarian and they kill and eat the animals that we pray like Cow. This is an example that shows prejudice from Hindus’ hate towards the Muslim community.

Question 2

Stereotyping means..

Answer 2

belief about what members of a group are like.

Stereotypes also act as theories (From Shilpa ma’am Ppt)

For e.g., Gender stereotyping. Most men in India have this stereotype that women are only there for taking care of family and home. In this way, men have certain beliefs about women which would be an example of a stereotype.

Question 3

Discrimination means..

Answer 3

Differential treatment - can be based on many different category memberships including age, race, marital status, gender, religion, and sexual orientation

For e.g., Transgenders in India are not allowed to do any work for their living. That’s because they come under minority are treated differently based on that.

Question 4

How Prejudice, Stereotype, and Discrimination differs?

Answer 4

Stereotype - Cognitive Component of what group is like

Prejudice - affective component, feelings towards that particular group

Discrimination - Behavioral component, differential action toward members of specific social groups

Question 5

Gender stereotypes definition is..

Answer 5

Beliefs about the different attributes that males and females possess - act as schemas for interpreting their actions and outcomes.

For e.g., women are stereotyped as high on warmth, but low on competence, while men are stereotyped as low on warmth but high on competence.

These types of beliefs lead to gender stereotypes.

Question 6

What is the glass ceiling effect?

Answer 6

A final barrier that prevents women, as a group, from reaching top positions in the workspace.

Think manager-Think male bias and women are the most affected by this

Question 7

What’s Glass Cliff Effect?

Answer 7

This effect occurs when women are appointed to leadership positions when a crisis has occurred, the position is more precarious. and there is a greater risk of failure which has been referred to as a Glass Cliff Effect.

Question 8

What is Tokenism? How it affects us?

Answer 8

Tokenism means the hiring or acceptance of only a few members of a particular group.

It has two effects - It maintains perceptions that the system is not discriminatory (belief in meritocracy) and it can harm how tokens are perceived by others.

Those who complain about discrimination risk negative evaluations.

For e.g., women are only hired in very less like 2% at leadership positions in one company that could be an example of tokenism. So Males on the advisory board can look inclusive but in reality, it is a token condition where they hired only a few females so they can’t get complaints about discrimination that they don’t accept women in a leadership position.

Question 9

What are subjective and objective scales and how it encourages stereotyping?

Answer 9

Objective scales meaning stay the same no matter the person or a situation.

While subjective scales change from person to person.

Women are likely to receive even in the absence of subjective scales because shifting standards of rating men and women are different that causes stereotypical behavior.

Question 10

What is Singlism?

Answer 10

It is negative stereotyping and discrimination directed toward people who are single.

Both single and married show this bias. This arises because they might have seen it before or lack an awareness of the bias.

Question 11

How prejudice occurs?

Answer 11

It can be triggered in a seemingly automatic manner and can be implicit in nature.

It may reflect more specific underlying emotional responses to different outgroups including fear, guilt, pity, envy, and disgust.

Question 12

Where does prejudice arrive from?

Answer 12

According to Social Identity theory, we have the tendency to divide the world between ‘us’ and ‘them’ and to view our group more favorably than outgroups.

Question 13

Why does Prejudice persist?

Answer 13

Because disparaging outgroups protect our self-Esteem.

Also, Threats to our group’s interests can also motivate prejudice, and also perceived competition between groups for resources can create conflict.

Question 14

What does terror management theory suggest?

Answer 14

It suggests that awareness of our own mortality can evoke existential threats that can be reduced by sticking to our cultural worldview.

Because atheists represent an existential threat to them so they are especially likely to respond negatively when our mortality is salient.

Question 15

Due to a decrease in blatant discrimination, what kind of issues is created?

Answer 15

When discrimination has been decreased, subtle forms like modern racism cases have been persisting.

Question 16

What does bona fide pipeline do?

Answer 16

It uses implicit measures to assess that people may be unaware they have.

People also can maintain an unprejudiced self-image by comparing themselves to those with extremely prejudiced attitudes. That helps them to not be aware of prejudice.

Question 17

When do the groups feel collective guilt and what do people do about it?

Answer 17

When people are exposed to instances that prove their groups have behaved in a prejudicial manner, they might feel collective guilt.

In order to avoid this guilt, people might engage in strategies that allow them to conclude their groups’ harmful acts as legitimate.

Question 18

What is motivated forgetting?

Answer 18

When instances of our group’s harm on other groups are difficult to recall than instances in which our group was harmed by an enemy outgroup.

Question 19

What techniques are used to reduce prejudice?

Answer 19

1) Direct contact - When one member of the group directly contacts one member of the outgroup, that might result in cross-friendships. In this way, It helps reducing overall prejudice against other members of the outgroup too.
2) Common ingroup identity theory model - through recategorization of shifting the boundary between ‘us’ and ‘them’ to include other outgroups can reduce prejudice.
3) Emotions can be used to motivate others to be nonprejudiced. for e.g., feeling collective guilt can result in a reduction in racism.
4) Saying ‘no’ to associations between stereotypes and specific social groups. for e.g. all transgenders are not sex workers can help us reduce the prejudice against them.
5) Providing individuals with evidence that one’s ingroup is less prejudiced can also help to reduce prejudice of an individual.