Stereotypes Flashcards

Question

Jost & Kay (2005)

Answer 1

Participants were exposed to communal gender stereotypes (do these traits apply more to women or men and to what degree?) Participants then completed a questionnaire assessing agreement with current gender relations and sex role division Exposure to stereotypes increased women's gender-specific system justification and reduced it for the male participants

Answer 2

Socialisation

Answer 3

Biases in exposure/interpretation | Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 4

Stereotypes may bias the information we seek, in a way that confirms the stereotype

Answer 5

Johnston & Macrae (1994) Impression formation task - participants were given a selection of questions/answers from interviews of physics students Participants chose to view more stereotype confirming questions than disconfirming questions

Answer 6

Negative/stereotypic behaviours are attributed to disposition Positive/counterstereotypic behaviours are attributed to the situation

Answer 7

Participants were shown emotional faces with situational explanations and asked to judge whether the targets were emotional or having a bad day Male and female participants made more dispositional attributions for female faces - consistent with the stereotype

Answer 8

When stereotypic expectancies lead us to behaviour in a way that encourages stereotype-consistent behaviour in the outgroup - further confirming our expectancies

Answer 9

Perceiver condition - subliminally primed with faces of African Americans or Caucasians in a dot counting task (AA condition primed stereotype of hostility) Target condition - dot counting task with no subliminal prime Perceiver and target pair played a game of catch phrase via microphone Judges rated the level of verbal hostility The stereotype condition were judged as more hostile in both the perceiver and the target

Answer 10

Stereotypes learnt in childhood ---> long history of activation ----> automatic activation

Answer 11

A variable which changes/affects the strength or direction of a relationship between two other variables A variable which causes a relationship between two other variables

Answer 12

Devine (1989) Automatic processes - stereotypes are automatically activated regardless of prejudice level (stereotypes learned in childhood) Controlled processes - people have the cognitive resources to control their response, they can inhibit the stereotype and express personal beliefs

Answer 13

Do high and low prejudice people both automatically activate stereotypes? Parafoveal priming with labels and stereotypes of African Americans (two conditions, 80% priming vs 20% priming) Stereotype activation measured via impression formation task Ppts read an ambiguously stereotypic description (hostile) of 'Donald's day' and asked to rate him on hostility related/unrelated traits Ppts unaware of task's racial purpose Hostility ratings higher in 80% than in 20% condition Not moderated by prejudice, both high and low prejudice people formed more hostile impressions Everyone activates stereotypes regardless of prejudice level

Answer 14

Used pejorative labels, negative stereotypic traits and associated concepts, could have directly activated hostility for all participants? Hostility has been primed for all participants, masking any individual differences in the strength of association of hostility to the group of African Americans (Wittenbrink et al. 1997) Current practice is to prime participants with neutral category labels, not stereotypic traits

Answer 15

Do high and low prejudice people both automatically activate stereotypes? Participants primed with neutral category labels (Black, White) followed by stereotypic and non-stereotypic words, ppts asked to pronounce each trait out loud Stereotype activation is inferred from shorter pronunciation latencies to stereotypic traits following the Black prime relative to the White prime High prejudice people automatically activate stereotypes whereas low prejudice people do not

Answer 16

Ppts answered a series of questions on interpersonal skills Positively/negatively evaluated by a Black/White doctor Stereotype activation assessed using lexical decision task (words associated with Black stereotypes and those associated with doctors) Ppts who received negative feedback from a Black doctor tended to activate traits associated with racial stereotypes, but inhibit those associated with the doctor Ppts who received positive feedback tended to activate traits associated with the doctor stereotype, and inhibit those associated with the racial stereotype

Answer 17

Self-enhancement Activating Black stereotypes allows negative feedback to be discounted Activating doctor stereotype allows positive feedback to have more legitimacy

Answer 18

The concern experienced by a person when there is a possibility that they may act in a way consistent with negative stereotypes (Steele & Aronson, 1995)

Answer 19

Black participants performed worse that White participants on a test presented as a measure of their intellectual ability, but performed equally well when no reference was made to intellectual ability

Answer 20

Women performed worse than men on a maths test when told that it revealed gender differences, but performed equally well when not told this

Answer 21

Men perform worse on an interpersonal perception task when told that it assesses social sensitivity (and that men usually perform worse than women), relative to when told it assesses complex information processing

Answer 22

Do White American Psychology students experience stereotype threat in relation to concern about appearing racist? White Americans negatively stereotyped as racist Implicit Association Test (IAT) measure racial attitudes Explicit threat, no threat or no instruction group Explicit threat condition showed greater Pro-White bias than those in the other conditions The no instruction group showed more bias than the no threat condition

Answer 23

When there is an increasing loss of women up the career ladder within STEM subjects

Answer 24

Government: 2013 Science and Technology Select Committee Inquiry Universities recognising commitment to advance women's careers in STEM

Answer 25

Withdrawal from stereotyped domain | Learning in the stereotyped domain

Answer 26

Does stereotype threat undermine women's career aspirations? Women exposed to gender-stereotypic TV ads reported less interest in pursuing qualifications/careers in fields involving quantitive skills

Answer 27

Does stereotype threat reduce women's ability to learn mathematical concepts and rules? Females under stereotype threat showed attenuated learning of math rules learnt when under threat, compared to females no exposed to threat

Answer 28

Stereotype threat effects are reduced when tests are reframed as a challenging learning experience (Alter, Aronson, Darlev, Rodriguez and Ruble, 2010) Stereotype threat effects are reduced when anxiety is presented as helpful rather than harmful to performance (Johns, Inzlicht & Schmader, 2008)

Answer 29

Stereotype threat effects are reduced when participants are given the opportunity to list negative and positive attributes that describe their personal rather than social identity (Ambady, Paik, Steele, Owen-Smith & Mitchell, 2004)

Answer 30

Men and women on an intro physics course competed intervention twice during the semester Values affirmation group - choose most important value and write about why it is important to you Control group - choose least important value and write about why it is important to others Mean overall score was higher for women in the values affirmation condition, both male scores were higher The mean end-of-semester score was higher for women in the values affirmation group, and this was higher than the male score in this condition

Stereotypes Flashcards

(54 cards)