Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY246 - Social > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Harlow’s monkeys

A

Disproved the ‘secondary drive’ theory of love

Found that children’s emotional bond with their parents is not just a stimulus response to food but based on comfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Attachment behavioural system

A

Behaviours that are activated under conditions of threat

Crying, clinging, smiling, cuddling etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can the threat be?

A

Real or potential

Being alone, strangers, pain, hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Attachment vs exploration see saw

A

Balanced on the question am I under threat right now?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If the infant is under threat?

A

Attachment system activated

Find their caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If the infant is not under threat?

A

They will explore and play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Strange situation

A

Exposes children to threat in a lab and assess how they seek support
7 episodes consisting of a stranger, separations and reunions
Reunion shows us about the attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the attachment types?

A

Secure
Insecure avoidant/ anxious avoidant
Insecure resistant/ anxious ambivalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secure attachment

A 
Positive view of self and others 
Belief in lovability of self 
Belief that others are trustworthy 
Social world is a safe place 
Open and engaged interaction with attachment figures
Explore freely when feeling safe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percentage of infants are classed as secure?

A

50-60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Insecure avoidant attachment

A

Caregivers tend to be rejecting
Infants learn to suppress negative emotion
Best response is to be self reliant
Being good means not becoming upset - they still might really need the caregiver
Positive view of self
Negative view of others (untrustworthy)
Physically and emotionally avoid their attachment figure
Deny the importance of caregiver relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What percentage of infants are insecure avoidant?

A

20-25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Insecure resistant

A

Caregiver is inconsistent
Best outcomes result from hyper activating negative affect
Difficult to soothe
Preoccupation with availability of caregiver
Negative view of self
Angry with others but also desire to please others
Clingy and dependent in order to gain a caring response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What percentage of infants are insecure resistant?

A

10-15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Insecure attachment isn’t necessarily problematic, why?

A

It’s adaptive

It’s an organised strategy (it works in the given situation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disorganised attachment

A

When caregiver is frightening or frightened themselves
Presents impossible conundrum for child (biologically programmed source of care is also a source of threat)
Inconsistent or contradictory behaviours in young children
Approaching and avoiding at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who found disorganised attachment?

A

Main & Soloman (1990)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many infants are classified as disorganised attachment?

A

10-25%

Up to 60% in high risk samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Secure attachment to parents predicts…

A

Academic outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Insecure toddlers tend to have ____ attention spans and _____ on cognitive tasks than secure toddlers

A

Shorter

Perform worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secure infants are more engaged in _____

A

Joint reading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Secure attachment infants develop _____ skills

A

Better pre-reading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hazan & Shaver (1987)

A

Translated Ainsworth’s patterns of infant attachment into adult relationships
Newspaper advertised love quiz
Concluded that adult romantic love is an attachment process with similar observable difference as the strange situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Experiences in close relationships scales (ECR)

A

Measures attachment along two dimensions of insecurity:
Avoidance of emotional intimacy (18 items)
Anxiety about abandonment (18 items)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991)

A

Split 3 styles into 4
Secure
Preoccupied (ambivalent/resistant)
Dismissing avoidant (avoid intimacy because they don’t need it)
Fearful avoidant (avoid intimacy because they’re scared)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fraley & Shaver (airport study)

A

Phase 1 - observed couples leaving each other in an airport and coded these behaviours
Phase 2 - couples approached in the airport and asked to complete questionnaire about feelings about any forthcoming separation
After completion - another researcher took notes on their behaviours before departure
109 couples observed (57% separating, 43% flying together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fraley and Shaver (airport study) results

A

Separating couples (threat condition) exhibited more contact seeking, contact maintenance, avoidance, sexuality and sadness (women only) behaviours than non-separating couples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Individual differences in the airport study

A
  • Highly avoidant people were less likely to maintain proximity and less likely to provide care and support
    Women were less likely to see support
  • Highly anxious women reported more distress
    Highly anxious men were less likely to maintain contact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Conclusions from the airport study

A

Functional dynamics of attachment are similar in adult romantic relationships to child-parent ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Intra-personal correlates and consequences of attachment avoidance/anxiety

A 
Self-esteem 
Mental health
Coping 
Perceived social support 
Physical health
Pain tolerance
Emotion regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Inter-personal correlates and consequences of attachment avoidance/anxiety

A 
Caregiving 
Parenting 
Empathy 
Prosocial behaviour 
Prejudice/discrimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Because we have multiple attachment relationships in our network, we have multiple attachment…

A

Schema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Baldwin et al 1996

A

Our general attachment style is likely to be based on a whole range of experiences, and the cognitive availability and accessibility of these experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Collins and Read (1994)

A

Global/dispositional style at the top
Relationship specific styles at the bottom
Hierarchical arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is the fact that we have different relationship schema extremely useful for researchers?

A

Because they can use priming paradigms

Can be relationship specific or general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Rowe & Carnelley (2003)

A

Effects of primed attachment styles on recall of positive and negative attachment word targets
Those primed with security remembered more positive words than those primed with the insecure styles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Carnelley and Rowe (2007)

A

Explored the potential for security priming to improve relationship expectations, self views, and attachment anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Internal working models

A

Schema

Beliefs about the self and others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Internal working models are templates based on what?

A

A history of received caregiving experiences

40
Q

Left column in Bartholomew’s model

A

Positive view of self

41
Q

Right column in Bartholomew’s model

A

Negative view of self

42
Q

Top row of Bartholomew’s model

A

Negative view of others

43
Q

Bottom row of Bartholomew’s model

A

Positive view of others

44
Q

Attachment security was _____ associated with _____

A

Positively

Self-esteem

45
Q

Attachment anxiety was ____ associated with ______

A

Negatively

Self-esteem

46
Q

Schmitt and Alik (2005) cross cultural study

A

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 nations
49 of them found negative association between attachment anxiety and self-esteem
18 of them found negative correlation between avoidance and self-esteem

47
Q

Pietromonaco & Barrett (1997) self-evaluation study

A

College student completed daily self-evaluations for interactions lasting over 10 minutes
Rated how worthy they felt during the interaction
Anxious students reported more negative self-evaluations after everyday interactions
Even after non-conflictual ones
Avoidant students fell between secure and anxious

48
Q

Defensive self-enhancement

A

A person has been forced to cope with life’s difficulties without adequate mental representations of attachment security
Struggle to maintain a sense of self-worth
This is the fate of avoidant individuals
Reluctance to rely on other people encourages them to inflate their positive self-view and deny or suppress negative information about themselves

49
Q

Avoidant attachment is associated with

A

Self-enhancement

Poor self-clarity

50
Q

Mikulincer (1998) self-enhancement under threat

A

Used a pretend cognitive task
Some ppts told they have failed it, and some given neutral feedback
Also, some are told the electrodes are lie detectors and some told they measure muscle activity
Then asked to rate adjectives (positive and negative) on how well they describe themselves
Then given surprise memory test for the adjectives

51
Q

Mikulincer (1998) self-enhancement under threat results

A

Anxious ppts endorsed less positive and more negative traits overall

52
Q

In the failure feedback condition, anxious individuals…

A

Endorsed more negative traits as self-attributes
Remembered more negative words
Showed self-defeatism/helplessness

53
Q

In the failure feedback condition, avoidant individuals…

A

Endorsed more positive traits as self-attributes
Recalled greater % positive traits
Shows self-reliance

54
Q

In the failure condition, secure individuals…

A

Failure didn’t make a difference to them
Endorsed more positive and negative traits
No difference in recall

55
Q

In the lie detector and failure condition, avoidant individuals…

A

No longer self-regulated
Shows that avoidant individuals will act as if they have high self-esteem, but underneath it they might actually have negative self-views

56
Q

Sustaining self-related vulnerabilities

A

Hopeless cognitive style

Patterns of feedback seeking

57
Q

Hopeless cognitive style

A

Self-defeating attributional style
Reinforces self-blame, hopelessness, passivity, helplessness
Perceived lack of ability needed to alter negative experiences
Risk factor for depression

58
Q

Studies have found that attachment anxiety is associated with helpless cognitive style in relation to

A

Academic and interpersonal problems or failures to lack of ability

59
Q

What are the findings for avoidant attachment style in terms of helpless cognitive style

A

Unclear

Could be due to measurement

60
Q

Patterns of feedback seeking

A

We seek feedback to validate our self-knowledge

This is both good and bad

61
Q

Brennan and Morris (1997) patterns of feedback seeking

A

Asked ppts to imagine their romantic partner being asked questions about them
Asked to rate the extent to which they would prefer the questions to evoke positive or negative information

62
Q

Brennan and Morris (1997) patterns of feedback seeking results

A 
Insecure people (anxious or avoidant), were more likely to prefer negative feedback than secure 
Negative views of self cause insecure individuals to keep on seeking confirmatory negative information
63
Q

Attachment and view of others - others generally

A

Experiences with attachment figures become internalised into WMs of others
Models can be generalised across relationships
We can treat new relationship partners similarly to how we have experienced past relationships

64
Q

Attachment and view of others - others generally, secure

A

Other people generally well intentioned providers of protection, comfort and security
Forgiving and positive explanation of others’ behaviour

65
Q

Attachment and view of others - others generally, anxious

A

More likely to believe that…
Others are difficult to understand
They themselves have little control over their lives

66
Q

Attachment and view of others - others generally, avoidant

A

Less likely to believe that..
Human beings are altruistic
People are willing to stand up for their beliefs

More likely to believe…
That people are able to control their lives

67
Q

Insecure people tend to lack ______ and _____ of others

A

Esteem for

Acceptance

68
Q

Insecure people have doubts of people’s _____

A

Trustworthiness

Therefore disrespectful towards partners

69
Q

Meyer, Pilkonis, and Beevers (2004) face perception

A

Participants saw 10 neutral faces

Rated them for like/dislike. attractive/unattractive, friendly/unfriendly, good-natured/mean-spirited

70
Q

Meyer, Pilkonis, and Beevers (2004) face perception results

A

Avoidance was associated with seeing more negative traits in the faces
Anxious was associated with seeing less positive traits in the faces
Insecure attachment makes us see things that aren’t there

71
Q

Attachment and view of others - parents

A

Newspaper survey of community ppts and student sample
Secure participants described parents as respectful, responsive, caring etc
Avoidant community ppts described parents in more negative terms
Avoidant students described parents as more positive

72
Q

Why is there a discrepancy between the student ppts and the community ppts?

A

When you are young you idealised your parents as a way of evading distressing memories
Maturity and distance from parents allows older adults to acknowledge the less positive aspects (Hazan and Shaver, 1987)

73
Q

Collins and Feeney (2004) support for partner

A

Couples were informed that one member would have to perform an stressful task
Videoed to code for supportive behaviours
Then separated and non-speech making partner had to copy either a clearly supportive or ambiguously supportive note
Speech giver then rated supportiveness of note and supportiveness of partner before

74
Q

Collins and Feeney (2004) support for partner - results

A

Insecure ppts rated ambiguous notes as less supportive, more upsetting and more negative than secure
Insecure ppts rated their partner’s behaviour before as less supportive than the researchers did
(Insecure ppts re-construed the previous behaviour due to the activation of the attachment related worries)
Secure ppts did not do this

75
Q

Baldwin et al (1993) lexical decision task

A

Ppts read sentences with either an attachment context or a non-attachment context
Target strings of letter depicted either positive, negative or neutral partner behaviours, or non-words

76
Q

Baldwin et al (1993) lexical decision task - results

A

Secure ppts had shorter RTs to words naming positive behaviours within an interpersonal context than to negative words
Insecurely attached ppts had faster RTs when responding to negative words than to positive words

77
Q

Mikulincer & Shaver - control systems, what they looked at

A

Looked at…
The activation of attachment system and resultant primary strategy of proximity seeking
Consequences of proximity seeking - helpful or not?
Secondary strategies that can be used if the primary strategy fails

78
Q

Broaden-and-build cycle of security

A

When attachment figures are appraised as available and responsive, individuals are able to manage their distress and recover from threat
Repeated experiences lead to positive working models of self and others

79
Q

Secure base script

A

Procedural knowledge on how to deal with stress

80
Q

What constitutes proximity seeking in adulthood?

A

Attachment system is activated pre-consciously

Conscious thoughts of seeking proximity, possible actions in that direction

81
Q

What are emotions?

A

Functional, organised systems of evaluative thoughts and action tendencies
Supported by physiological tendencies

82
Q

What are emotions generated by?

A

Appraisal of internal and external events in relation to goals and concerns

83
Q

Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson & O’Connor (1987) emotion regulation model (ERM)

A

Facial expressions
Underlying physiology
Appraisal
Notable change or event in the internal or external world

84
Q

Facial expressions

A

We tend to mimic facial expressions that we see

85
Q

Kirkpatrick et al - underlying physiology

A

Women’s physiological responses to stressful events either in the presence or absence of their romantic partner

86
Q

Attachment anxiety is associated with what appraisals…

A

Distress-intensifying appraisals

Threats are seen as extreme and coping resources as deficient

87
Q

Attachment security is associated with what appraisals…

A

Ego-resiliency
Perceived coping resources
Positive expectations regarding the regulation of negative moods
Greater confidence in one’s ability to solve life problems
Optimistic and hopeful attitudes towards life
Hardier, more stress-resistant attitudes
Distress-aleviating appraisals

88
Q

Meredith, Strong and Feeney (2005) appraisal

A

Cognitive appraisal of pain is critical to the experience of pain (physiological signal vs emotional response to it)
Secures found pain less threatening than dismissing or fearful
Secures catastrophised less than fearful, preoccupied and dismissing

89
Q

Meredith, Strong and Feeney (2005) appraisal

A

Cognitive appraisal of pain is critical to the experience of pain (physiological signal vs emotional response to it)
Secures found pain less threatening than dismissing or fearful
Secures catastrophised less than fearful, preoccupied and dismissing

90
Q

Appraisal in attachment avoidance

A

People’s coping appraisals are similar to those of secure people
For threat appraisal, avoidance is associated with appraising stressful events as highly threatening
Avoidant defences break down under cognitive load

91
Q

Kirkpatrick et al - underlying physiology results

A

Secure women had milder physiological responses than avoidant or anxious in both conditions
Insecure women - stress responses were exacerbated by the presence of their romantic partner

92
Q

Explanation for results of Kirkpatrick et al

A

Partner’s presence has no effect on secure women as they were able to regulate their emotions with or without the partner’s presence
Insecure women, their partner’s presence seemed to add to their distress as their partner is perceived to be overly critical or inadequately supportive in the past

93
Q

Physiological responses - Diamond, Hicks and Otter-Henderson (2006)

A

74 cohabiting couples
ECR measured avoidance and anxiety
Skin conductance measured via electrodes on non-dominant hand
Ppts exposed to stressful tasks both attachment relevant and non-attachment relevant

94
Q

Physiological responses - Diamond, Hicks and Otter-Henderson (2006) - results

A

Avoidance was consistently related to greater SC reactivity (this was more pronounced among female ppts)
Avoidance was related to a steeper progressive increase in reactivity from the first thought through to the fifth task

95
Q

Low avoidance - self-reported distress in the subtraction task were _____ correlated

A

Positively

96
Q

In high avoidance, there was ______ between self-reported distress and skin conductance reactivity

A

No relationship

97
Q

Sonnby-Borgstrom and Jonsson (2004) - facial expressions

A

Varied the exposure times of facial expression stimuli (happy and angry)
17ms, 56ms, 2350ms
Measured corrugator activity (frowning) and zygomaticus activity (smiling responses)
Dismissing-avoidant showed normal corrugator responses to angry faces at automatic level
Dismissing-avoidant subjects showed no corrugator response and increased zygomaticus response to angry face at cognitively controlled level

PSY246 - Social (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions