Step1 questions general pathology Flashcards
(78 cards)
Caudal Regression Syndrome
sacral aegenesis, lower extremity paralysis, urinary incontenence; poorly controlled maternal diabetes
staph protein A
Bind fc portion of IgG preventing activation of compliment.
osteoporosis risk factors
smoking, menopause, corticosteroid, no exercise, caucasian, low BMI, alcohol
Type III hypersensitivity
Deposition of circulating complement-fixing immune complexes
Serum sickness
Type III hypersensitivity: fever, urticaria, arthralgias, glomerulonephritis and lymphadenopathy 5-10 days after exposure
Pathophysiology of acne
Follicular epidermal hyperproliferation, excessive sebum production, inflammation, propionibacterium acne
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Abnormal collagen formation (I or IV) which manifest with hypermobile joints, hyperelastic skin, fragile tissue causing easy bruises and wounding.
Chronic mesenteric ischemia
Postprandial abdominal pain, weight loss, pain out of proportion to physical findings.
Pathophysiology of Chronic mesenteric ischemia
Similar to stable angina which is caused by atherosclerosis. In this case pain due to intestinal hypoperfusion during meals when more blood is needed for digestion.
wilson disease
Autosomal recessive, ATP7B mutation on chromosome 13, accumulation of Cu causing free radial damage in liver. Cu deposits in cornea(Kayser-Fleicher rings) and basal ganglia(parkinsonian symptoms).
Adenoma to carcinoma sequencein colon adenocarcinomas
1.from normal mucosa to small polyp (APC), 2.increase in size of the polyps(K-ras), 3.malignant transformation (p53 n DCC)
Coagulative infarct in kidney (wedge-shaped lesion)
Due to emboli from left heart
Lesion are result of chronic sun exposure and precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. Basal cell atypia, hyperkeratosis(hyperplasia of the stratum corneum) and parakeratosis(abnormal retention of cell nucei in stratun corneum).
Actinic Keratoses
Late onset Differential Cyanosis
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (Left-to-right shunt reversal to Right-to-left) due to resultant pulmonery hypertension
Coarctation of the Aorta
presents as blood pressure discrepancy between upper and lower extremities. If presewnt with Ductus arterious, it causes differential cyanosis in infancy.
Syringomyelia
Formation of cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities in the cervical region of the spinal cord especially the ventral white commissure anf the ventral horn.
Destruction of Ventral white commissure
Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the arms and hands bilateral
Destruction of motor neurons in ventral horns
Flacid paralysis and atrophy of intrinsic muscles of hand and LMN signs
Holoprosencephaly (fused cerebral hemispheres), single ventricle, fused basal ganglia ae examples of:
Malformation: primary defect in cell that form an organ.
What is Holopronsencephaly associated with?
Trisomy 13(patau), trisomy 18(Edward’s, fetal alcohol syndrome.
Amniotic band syndrome
disruption or secondary destruction of well-formed organ
Potter syndrome
Sequence: low volume amniotic fluid causes fetal compression by the uterus resulting in flattened facies, abnormal limbs and hypoplastic lungs.
Acute and painless monocular vision loss. Pale retina and cherry-red macula.
Central retinal artery occlusion. Central retinal artery is a branch of the ophtalmicartery which arises from the internal carotid artery. Macula has a separate blood supply from the choroid artery.
Bilateral wedge-shaped bands of necrosis over the cerebral convenxity, lateral to the interhemispheric fissure. Located on watershed ares.
Ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy due to profound cerebral hypoperfusion.
