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HTMLE > STEP 7: STAINING > Flashcards

STEP 7: STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

The purified form of a coloring agent or crude dye that is generally applied in an aqueous solution

A

Histologic stain

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2
Q

The process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions

A

Direct staining

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3
Q

The process whereby the action of the dye is intensified by adding another agent to make the staining reaction possible

A

Indirect staining

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4
Q

Serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye; it combines with a dye to form a colored “lake”

A

Mordant

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5
Q

Does not participate in the staining reaction, but merely accelerates the reaction

A

Accentuator

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6
Q

Tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence, and the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained

A

Progressive staining

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7
Q

Tissue is overstained to obliterate the cellular details, and the excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue, until the desired intensity of color is obtained

A

Regressive staining

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8
Q

Most common method utilized for microanatomical studies of tissues using the regressive staining

A

Routine Hematoxylin and Eosin staining

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9
Q

Studies the general relationship between tissues and dyes

A

Microanatomical studies

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10
Q

The selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining

A

Differentiation (decolorization)

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11
Q

The use of specific dyes which differentiate particular substances by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself

A

Metachromatic stainig

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12
Q

Dyes more effective than methyl violets

A

Azure or toluidine blue dyes

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13
Q

The process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts which are thereby reduced by the tissue, producing an opaque, usually black deposit on the surface of the tissue or bacteria

A

metallic impregnation

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14
Q

Most valuable metals as metallic impregnating agents

A

Gold chloride and silver nitrate

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15
Q

Selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle, or by staining of pre-existing cellular components

A

Vital staining

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16
Q

Staining of pre-existing cellular components

A

True vital staining

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17
Q

Injecting the dye into any part of the animal body, producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticuloendothelial system

A

Intravital staining

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18
Q

Method of staining used in microscopy to examine living cells that have been removed from an organism

A

Supravital staining

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19
Q

Lithium, carmine, and india ink are examples of what stain?

A

Intraviral stains

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20
Q

NMB, BCB, neutral red, janus green, and trypan blue are examples of what stain?

A

Supravital stain

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21
Q

Supravital stains for reticulocytes

A

New methylene blue
Brilliant cresyl blue

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22
Q

Best vital dye

A

Neutral red

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23
Q

Supravital stain for mitochondria

A

Janus green

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24
Q

Supravital stain that is toxic to cell

A

Trypan blue

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25
Application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated
Counter staining
26
3 red cytoplasmic stains
Eosin Y Eosin B Phloxine B
27
3 yellow cytoplasmic stains
Picric acid Orange G Rose bengal
28
2 green cytoplasmic stains
Light green SF Lissamine green
29
4 red nuclear stains
Carmine Hematoxylin Neutral red Safranin O
30
3 blue nuclear stains
Methylene blue Toluidine blue Celestine blue
31
Process whereby various constituents of tissues are studied thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance
Histochemical staining
32
Widely used in the diagnosis of abnormal cells
Immunohistochemical staining
33
Staining technique using a wide range of polyclonal or monoclonal, fluorescent labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect tissue antigens and phenotypic markers under the microscope
Immunohistochemical staining
34
Hematoxylin is derived from the core or the heartwood of the Mexican tree…
Hematoxylin Campechianum
35
An active coloring agent formed by the oxidation of hematoxylin, a process known as “ripening”
Hematin
36
Mordant of Alum hematoxylin
Potassium alum
37
Alum hematoxylin used for regressive staining
Erlich’s
38
Ripening agent of Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
Sodium iodate
39
Alum hematoxylin used for routine nuclear staining in exfoliative cytology
Harris’ hematoxylin
40
Ripening agent of Harris’ hematoxylin
Mercuric oxide
41
Ripening agent of Cole’s hematoxylin
Alcoholic iodine
42
Hematoxylin for regressive and progressive staining
Mayer’s hematoxylin
43
Ripening agent of mayer’s hematoxylin
Sodium iodate
44
Hematoxylin for differential or regressive staining; acid-alcohol as a differentiating agent
Iron hematoxylin
45
Standard iron hematoxylin used in the laboratory
Welgert’s hematoxylin
46
Ripening agent and mordant of Welgert’s hematoxylin
Ferric chloride
47
Iron hematoxylin used for regressive staining
Heidenhain’s hematoxylin
48
Ripening agent and mordant for Heidenhain’s hematoxylin
Ferric ammonium sulfate
49
Hematoxylin for progressive staining Ripening agent: KMnO4 Mordant: 1% phosphotungstic acid
Phosphotungstic acid
50
Hematoxylin used for the study of spermatogenesis
Copper
51
Cochineal dye is extracted form the cochineal bug…
Coccus cacti
52
Cochineal dye is treated with alum to produce the dye…
Carmine
53
Used for neuropathological studies
Cochineal dye combined with picric acid
54
Best carmine stain; for the demonstration of glycogen
Cochineal dye combined with aluminum chloride
55
Vegetable dye from certain lichens which are normally colorless, but turn blue or violet when treated with ammonia and exposed to air
Orcein
56
Color of orcein when treated with ammonia and exposed to air
Blue or violet
57
Mainly used for staining elastic fibers
Orcein
58
Stain extracted form flower of crocus sativus
Saffron
59
Derived from the hydro-carbon benzene
Synthetic dyes (collectively known Aniline dyes)
60
Coloring property of synthetic dyes is attributed to the…
Chromophore
61
Active coloring substance is found in the acid component, and the inactive base is the sodium salt of a sulfonate of rosaniline
Acid dyes
62
Active coloring substance is found in a basic component that combines with the acid radical
Basic dyes
63
Formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes
Neutral dyes
64
Oldest stain; Stains amyloid for microscopic study of starch granules
Iodine
65
The process where hematoxylin is oxidized to hematin
Ripening
66
Karyosome color stained with hematoxylin
Dark blue
67
Nucleus color stained with hematoxylin
Blue
68
Cytoplasm color stained with hematoxylin
Pink
69
Most valuable stain; used as a counterstain
Eosin
70
Eosin with blue-deep red color
Eosin B
71
Eosin with yellow-green color
Eosin Y
72
Common basic nuclear stain; valuable for plasma cells
Methylene blue
73
Metachromatic dye; for leukocytes
Methylene violet
74
Nuclear stain substitute for thionine for fresh frozen tissue; Nissl/Tigroid granules and chromophilic bodies
Toluidine blue
75
For amyloid, fungi, platelets in blood
Crystal violet
76
Counterstain for epithelial cells
Aniline blue
77
Is a plasma stain; deep staining for acid fast organisms
Basic fuschin
78
Mixture of picric acid and acid fuschin; for the demonstration of connective tissue; SIMPLEST method of differential staining of collagen
Van gieson
79
Used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes
Giemsa
80
Resistant to strong acids; Recommended for routine staining of fixed sections; ALTERNATIVE to Iron Hematoxylin nuclear stain
Celestine blue
81
Stains Ascaris eggs, RBCs, Bacterial spore (BOTH A DECOLORIZER AND A COUNTERSTAIN)
Malachite green
82
Stains chromatin green; It gives false positive reactions with certain secretions such as mucin
Methyl green
83
Most reliable and specific histochemical staining technique for DNA
Feulgen’s stain
84
Contrast stain for Gram’s stain, In Acid Fast, Papanicolau method & Diphtheria organism
Bismarck Brown
85
Calcium: BLACK
Von Kossa Silver Nitrate
86
Colored Salt of Ferric ferrocyanide, normally used for the manufacture of paints
Prussian Blue
87
Excellent stain for elastic fiber; _______ + Ammonia ---exposed to air→Blue or Violet color
Orcein
88
For the demonstration of connective tissue (fixative and stain)
Picric acid
89
Used as a chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear preparations
Carmine
90
Stains mucopolysaccharide; more specific for connective tissue and epithelial mucins
Alcian Blue
91
Cell granules & vacuole phagocytic cells
Neutral Red
92
Best known as an indicator; Utilized as a stain for axis cylinder in embryos; (4% aqueous solution: elastic tissues, amyloid, myelin)
Congo Red
93
For demonstrating mitochondria during intravital staining
Janus green B
94
Used for demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections
Victoria Blue
95
Is used as a substitute for Carbol Fuschin
Night Blue
96
DNA: green to blue green; RNA: rose red
Methyl Green Pyronin
97
Demonstrates deposits of calcium salts and possible sites of phosphatase activities
Acridine Red 3B
98
Permits discrimination between dead and living cells (DNA: green fluorescence; RNA: red fluorescence)
Acridine Orange
99
Stains blood and glandular tissues
Rhodamine B
100
Used for staining haemoglobin
Benzidine
101
Phospholipids
Sudan Black
102
Triglycerides and Neutral lipids (deep red)
Sudan IV/Scharlach R
103
Fats (orange)
Sudan III
104
Used in Spirochetes reticulum and fiber stains
Silver nitrate
105
Connective tissues
Azocarmine
106
Histochemical stain used for the demonstration of carbohydrates (GLYCOGEN)
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
107
Used for differential staining of pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Aldehyde Fuschin Stain (Gomori)
108
Staining for muscles and bones; Astrocytes
Mallory’s Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)
109
Muscle demonstration
Lissamine Fast Red Tartrazine Method
110
Used for fats
Osmic Acid/Osmium Tetroxide stain
111
Spirochetes
Levaditi’s method
112
Melanin (Silver Modification): BLACK
Masson Fontana Technique
113
Diagnostic for Bile pigments
Gmelin’s Test
114
Hemosiderin (iron-containing pigment of hemoglobin)
Perl’s Prussian Blue
115
For Hemoglobin
Benzidine method
116
Astrocyte
Cajal’s Gold Sublimate
117
Neurons, Axons, Neurofibrils
Bielschowsky’s Technique
118
Normal Myelin Sheaths
Weigert-Pal Technique
119
Copper
Lindquist’s Modified Rhodamine
120
Bacteria
Gram-Twort
121
Bacteria, Nocardia, Actinomyces
Brown and Brenn (B&B)
122
Helicobacter
Cresyl Violet Acetate
123
Legionella pneumophilia
Dieterle
124
Spirochetes
Warthin-Starry/Levaditi’s methods
125
Fungi
Grocott Methamine Silver (GMS)
126
Hepatitis B Surface antigen
Orcein method
127
Reticular Fibers
Gordon and Sweet’s method
128
Enumerate 4 natural dyes
Hematoxylin Cochineal dye Orcein Saffron
129
Dyes from plants and animals; previously for dyeing of wool or cotton
Natural dyes
130
Hematin formed from exposing the substance to air/sunlight; 3-4 months
Natural hematin
131
Hematin from chemical oxidation
Artificial hematin

HTMLE (12 decks)

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