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HTMLE > STEP 7: STAINING > Flashcards

STEP 7: STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

The purified form of a coloring agent or crude dye that is generally applied in an aqueous solution

A

Histologic stain

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2
Q

The process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions

A

Direct staining

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3
Q

The process whereby the action of the dye is intensified by adding another agent to make the staining reaction possible

A

Indirect staining

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4
Q

Serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye; it combines with a dye to form a colored “lake”

A

Mordant

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5
Q

Does not participate in the staining reaction, but merely accelerates the reaction

A

Accentuator

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6
Q

Tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence, and the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained

A

Progressive staining

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7
Q

Tissue is overstained to obliterate the cellular details, and the excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue, until the desired intensity of color is obtained

A

Regressive staining

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8
Q

Most common method utilized for microanatomical studies of tissues using the regressive staining

A

Routine Hematoxylin and Eosin staining

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9
Q

Studies the general relationship between tissues and dyes

A

Microanatomical studies

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10
Q

The selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining

A

Differentiation (decolorization)

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11
Q

The use of specific dyes which differentiate particular substances by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself

A

Metachromatic stainig

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12
Q

Dyes more effective than methyl violets

A

Azure or toluidine blue dyes

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13
Q

The process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts which are thereby reduced by the tissue, producing an opaque, usually black deposit on the surface of the tissue or bacteria

A

metallic impregnation

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14
Q

Most valuable metals as metallic impregnating agents

A

Gold chloride and silver nitrate

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15
Q

Selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle, or by staining of pre-existing cellular components

A

Vital staining

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16
Q

Staining of pre-existing cellular components

A

True vital staining

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17
Q

Injecting the dye into any part of the animal body, producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticuloendothelial system

A

Intravital staining

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18
Q

Method of staining used in microscopy to examine living cells that have been removed from an organism

A

Supravital staining

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19
Q

Lithium, carmine, and india ink are examples of what stain?

A

Intraviral stains

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20
Q

NMB, BCB, neutral red, janus green, and trypan blue are examples of what stain?

A

Supravital stain

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21
Q

Supravital stains for reticulocytes

A

New methylene blue
Brilliant cresyl blue

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22
Q

Best vital dye

A

Neutral red

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23
Q

Supravital stain for mitochondria

A

Janus green

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24
Q

Supravital stain that is toxic to cell

A

Trypan blue

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25
Q

Application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated

A

Counter staining

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26
Q

3 red cytoplasmic stains

A

Eosin Y
Eosin B
Phloxine B

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27
Q

3 yellow cytoplasmic stains

A

Picric acid
Orange G
Rose bengal

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28
Q

2 green cytoplasmic stains

A

Light green SF
Lissamine green

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29
Q

4 red nuclear stains

A

Carmine
Hematoxylin
Neutral red
Safranin O

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30
Q

3 blue nuclear stains

A

Methylene blue
Toluidine blue
Celestine blue

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31
Q

Process whereby various constituents of tissues are studied thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance

A

Histochemical staining

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32
Q

Widely used in the diagnosis of abnormal cells

A

Immunohistochemical staining

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33
Q

Staining technique using a wide range of polyclonal or monoclonal, fluorescent labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect tissue antigens and phenotypic markers under the microscope

A

Immunohistochemical staining

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34
Q

Hematoxylin is derived from the core or the heartwood of the Mexican tree…

A

Hematoxylin Campechianum

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35
Q

An active coloring agent formed by the oxidation of hematoxylin, a process known as “ripening”

A

Hematin

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36
Q

Mordant of Alum hematoxylin

A

Potassium alum

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37
Q

Alum hematoxylin used for regressive staining

A

Erlich’s

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38
Q

Ripening agent of Ehrlich’s hematoxylin

A

Sodium iodate

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39
Q

Alum hematoxylin used for routine nuclear staining in exfoliative cytology

A

Harris’ hematoxylin

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40
Q

Ripening agent of Harris’ hematoxylin

A

Mercuric oxide

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41
Q

Ripening agent of Cole’s hematoxylin

A

Alcoholic iodine

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42
Q

Hematoxylin for regressive and progressive staining

A

Mayer’s hematoxylin

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43
Q

Ripening agent of mayer’s hematoxylin

A

Sodium iodate

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44
Q

Hematoxylin for differential or regressive staining; acid-alcohol as a differentiating agent

A

Iron hematoxylin

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45
Q

Standard iron hematoxylin used in the laboratory

A

Welgert’s hematoxylin

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46
Q

Ripening agent and mordant of Welgert’s hematoxylin

A

Ferric chloride

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47
Q

Iron hematoxylin used for regressive staining

A

Heidenhain’s hematoxylin

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48
Q

Ripening agent and mordant for Heidenhain’s hematoxylin

A

Ferric ammonium sulfate

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49
Q

Hematoxylin for progressive staining
Ripening agent: KMnO4
Mordant: 1% phosphotungstic acid

A

Phosphotungstic acid

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50
Q

Hematoxylin used for the study of spermatogenesis

A

Copper

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51
Q

Cochineal dye is extracted form the cochineal bug…

A

Coccus cacti

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52
Q

Cochineal dye is treated with alum to produce the dye…

A

Carmine

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53
Q

Used for neuropathological studies

A

Cochineal dye combined with picric acid

54
Q

Best carmine stain; for the demonstration of glycogen

A

Cochineal dye combined with aluminum chloride

55
Q

Vegetable dye from certain lichens which are normally colorless, but turn blue or violet when treated with ammonia and exposed to air

A

Orcein

56
Q

Color of orcein when treated with ammonia and exposed to air

A

Blue or violet

57
Q

Mainly used for staining elastic fibers

A

Orcein

58
Q

Stain extracted form flower of crocus sativus

A

Saffron

59
Q

Derived from the hydro-carbon benzene

A

Synthetic dyes (collectively known Aniline dyes)

60
Q

Coloring property of synthetic dyes is attributed to the…

A

Chromophore

61
Q

Active coloring substance is found in the acid component, and the inactive base is the sodium salt of a sulfonate of rosaniline

A

Acid dyes

62
Q

Active coloring substance is found in a basic component that combines with the acid radical

A

Basic dyes

63
Q

Formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes

A

Neutral dyes

64
Q

Oldest stain; Stains amyloid for microscopic study of starch granules

A

Iodine

65
Q

The process where hematoxylin is oxidized to hematin

A

Ripening

66
Q

Karyosome color stained with hematoxylin

A

Dark blue

67
Q

Nucleus color stained with hematoxylin

A

Blue

68
Q

Cytoplasm color stained with hematoxylin

A

Pink

69
Q

Most valuable stain; used as a counterstain

A

Eosin

70
Q

Eosin with blue-deep red color

A

Eosin B

71
Q

Eosin with yellow-green color

A

Eosin Y

72
Q

Common basic nuclear stain; valuable for plasma cells

A

Methylene blue

73
Q

Metachromatic dye; for leukocytes

A

Methylene violet

74
Q

Nuclear stain substitute for thionine for fresh frozen tissue; Nissl/Tigroid granules and chromophilic bodies

A

Toluidine blue

75
Q

For amyloid, fungi, platelets in blood

A

Crystal violet

76
Q

Counterstain for epithelial cells

A

Aniline blue

77
Q

Is a plasma stain; deep staining for acid fast organisms

A

Basic fuschin

78
Q

Mixture of picric acid and acid fuschin; for the demonstration of connective tissue; SIMPLEST method of differential staining of collagen

A

Van gieson

79
Q

Used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes

A

Giemsa

80
Q

Resistant to strong acids; Recommended for routine staining of fixed sections; ALTERNATIVE to Iron Hematoxylin nuclear stain

A

Celestine blue

81
Q

Stains Ascaris eggs, RBCs, Bacterial spore (BOTH A DECOLORIZER AND A COUNTERSTAIN)

A

Malachite green

82
Q

Stains chromatin green; It gives false positive reactions with certain secretions such as mucin

A

Methyl green

83
Q

Most reliable and specific histochemical staining technique for DNA

A

Feulgen’s stain

84
Q

Contrast stain for Gram’s stain, In Acid Fast, Papanicolau method & Diphtheria organism

A

Bismarck Brown

85
Q

Calcium: BLACK

A

Von Kossa Silver Nitrate

86
Q

Colored Salt of Ferric ferrocyanide, normally used for the manufacture of paints

A

Prussian Blue

87
Q

Excellent stain for elastic fiber; _______ + Ammonia —exposed to air→Blue or Violet color

A

Orcein

88
Q

For the demonstration of connective tissue (fixative and stain)

A

Picric acid

89
Q

Used as a chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear preparations

A

Carmine

90
Q

Stains mucopolysaccharide; more specific for connective tissue and epithelial mucins

A

Alcian Blue

91
Q

Cell granules & vacuole phagocytic cells

A

Neutral Red

92
Q

Best known as an indicator; Utilized as a stain for axis cylinder in embryos; (4% aqueous solution: elastic tissues, amyloid, myelin)

A

Congo Red

93
Q

For demonstrating mitochondria during intravital staining

A

Janus green B

94
Q

Used for demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections

A

Victoria Blue

95
Q

Is used as a substitute for Carbol Fuschin

A

Night Blue

96
Q

DNA: green to blue green; RNA: rose red

A

Methyl Green Pyronin

97
Q

Demonstrates deposits of calcium salts and possible sites of phosphatase activities

A

Acridine Red 3B

98
Q

Permits discrimination between dead and living cells (DNA: green fluorescence; RNA: red fluorescence)

A

Acridine Orange

99
Q

Stains blood and glandular tissues

A

Rhodamine B

100
Q

Used for staining haemoglobin

A

Benzidine

101
Q

Phospholipids

A

Sudan Black

102
Q

Triglycerides and Neutral lipids (deep red)

A

Sudan IV/Scharlach R

103
Q

Fats (orange)

A

Sudan III

104
Q

Used in Spirochetes reticulum and fiber stains

A

Silver nitrate

105
Q

Connective tissues

A

Azocarmine

106
Q

Histochemical stain used for the demonstration of carbohydrates (GLYCOGEN)

A

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)

107
Q

Used for differential staining of pancreatic islets of Langerhans

A

Aldehyde Fuschin Stain (Gomori)

108
Q

Staining for muscles and bones; Astrocytes

A

Mallory’s Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)

109
Q

Muscle demonstration

A

Lissamine Fast Red Tartrazine Method

110
Q

Used for fats

A

Osmic Acid/Osmium Tetroxide stain

111
Q

Spirochetes

A

Levaditi’s method

112
Q

Melanin (Silver Modification): BLACK

A

Masson Fontana Technique

113
Q

Diagnostic for Bile pigments

A

Gmelin’s Test

114
Q

Hemosiderin (iron-containing pigment of hemoglobin)

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue

115
Q

For Hemoglobin

A

Benzidine method

116
Q

Astrocyte

A

Cajal’s Gold Sublimate

117
Q

Neurons, Axons, Neurofibrils

A

Bielschowsky’s Technique

118
Q

Normal Myelin Sheaths

A

Weigert-Pal Technique

119
Q

Copper

A

Lindquist’s Modified Rhodamine

120
Q

Bacteria

A

Gram-Twort

121
Q

Bacteria, Nocardia, Actinomyces

A

Brown and Brenn (B&B)

122
Q

Helicobacter

A

Cresyl Violet Acetate

123
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

Dieterle

124
Q

Spirochetes

A

Warthin-Starry/Levaditi’s methods

125
Q

Fungi

A

Grocott Methamine Silver (GMS)

126
Q

Hepatitis B Surface antigen

A

Orcein method

127
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Gordon and Sweet’s method

128
Q

Enumerate 4 natural dyes

A

Hematoxylin
Cochineal dye
Orcein
Saffron

129
Q

Dyes from plants and animals; previously for dyeing of wool or cotton

A

Natural dyes

130
Q

Hematin formed from exposing the substance to air/sunlight; 3-4 months

A

Natural hematin

131
Q

Hematin from chemical oxidation

A

Artificial hematin

HTMLE (12 decks)

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