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Botany > Stems > Flashcards

Stems Flashcards

1
Q

Give the 3 functions and uses of stem

A
  1. framework for leaves, flowers and seeds
  2. carry water and minerals from the soil throughout the plant
  3. source of wood, food and medicinal compounds
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2
Q

Swollen part where leaves, branches and buds are attached

A

Nodes

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3
Q

Distance between two successive nodes

A

Internode

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4
Q

Small, raised dots or ridges for gaseous exchange

A

Lenticels

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5
Q

Angle between the leaf and stem

A

Axil

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6
Q

Underdeveloped shoot

A

Bud

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7
Q

Marks below the axillary bud after a leaf has fallen

A

Leaf scar or scar

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8
Q

Cut ends of vascular bundle seen within each leaf scar

A

Bundle scar

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9
Q

What are the parts of the internal structure of a young dicot stem? (arrange)

A

Epidermis - Cortex (parenchyma and collenchyma cells) - Pith (middle) - vascular bundle (xylem and phloem) - Interfascicular cambium

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10
Q

What type of arrangement is present in a dicot stem?

A

Circular arrrangement

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11
Q

True or False: A dicot stem is an open type.

A

True

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12
Q

What type of arrangement is present in a monocot stem?

A

Scattered arrangement

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13
Q

True or False: A monocot stem is a closed type.

A

True

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14
Q

What are the three categories under apical meristem?

A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Ground meristem
  3. Procambium
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15
Q

What is the primary tissue under protoderm?

A

Epidermis

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16
Q

What is the primary tissue under ground meristem?

A

Ground tissues: pith and cortex

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17
Q

What is the primary tissue under procambium?

A

Primary xylem and primary phloem

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18
Q

True or false: The ground tissue will eventually become the cork cambium.

A

True

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19
Q

What are the two categories under cork cambium?

A

Cork and phelloderm

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20
Q

Produces the radial transport system and gives rise to parenchyma

A

Ray initials

21
Q

Produces the axial transport system and gives rise to sieve-tube, companion cells, tracheids, vessel elements,, and fibers

A

Fusiform initials

22
Q

True or false: Early wood = Summer wood

A

False, spring wood

23
Q

True or false: Late wood = Spring wood

A

False, summer wood

24
Q

Which of the two types of wood produce band rapidly and thicker?

A

Spring wood

25
Q

Which of the two types of wood has darker growth rings and narrow layer of wood?

A

Summer wood

26
Q

True or false: In tropical climates, growth rings are more even and hard to distinguish.

A

True

27
Q

The science of age of trees

A

Dendrochronology

28
Q

Inner circle in the wood

A

Heartwood

29
Q

Outer circle in the wood

A

Sapwood

30
Q

Give reasons as to why the heartwood darkens

A
  1. Breakage of water columns
  2. Fungal attack
  3. Formation of tylosis
  4. Metabolic changes
31
Q

It is the upper-side of the stem which produces special gelatinous fibers whose walls are rich in cellulose

A

Angiosperms: Tension wood

32
Q

It is the under-side of the branch which produces fibers whose walls are rich in lignin

A

Gymnosperms: Compression wood

33
Q

The inner bark is also known as the ___?

A

Secondary phloem

34
Q

The outer bark is also known as the ___?

A

Periderm layer

35
Q

True or false: Pine stems have resin ducts

A

True

36
Q

Yes or no: Formation of cambia around the vessels is an example of anomalous form of growth.

A

Yes

37
Q

Yes or no: Formation of fibers in monocots is an example of anomalous form of growth.

A

Yes

38
Q

Yes or no: When a type of secondary phloem is located between two bands of xylem, it is a type of anomalous form of growth.

A

Yes

39
Q

Specialized stem: Green photosynthetic stems for reproduction and storage

A

Cladodes

40
Q

Specialized stem: For storage and reproduction (ex. ginger, turmeric and wasabi)

A

Rhizome

41
Q

Specialized stem: Short stem covered with fleshy blades (storage and reproduction)

A

Bulb

42
Q

Specialized stem: For storage and reproduction (ex. gabi or taro)

A

Corm

43
Q

Specialized stem: Swollen outgrowths of stolon for storage and reproduction (ex. potato)

A

Tubers

44
Q

Specialized stem: Horizontal above the ground stem for reproduction (ex. strawberry)

A

Stolons or runners

45
Q

Specialized stem: Mainly used for protection itself

A

Hooks, spines, and thorns

46
Q

Specialized stem: Climbing . twining stem support

A

Twiner

47
Q

Distributes sugar and minerals

A

Phloem

48
Q

Conducts water and minerals

A

Xylem

Botany (3 decks)

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