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Molecular > Stem Cells II > Flashcards

Stem Cells II Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory apical neuron end functions as

A

Detects external stimulus which changes membrane potential (depolarizes, generates AP)

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2
Q

Olfactory neuron basal end functions as

A

Synapse with neurons that relay sensory inforation

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3
Q

Olfactory neurons are bipolar neurons with dendrite facing extracellular environment. T/F?

A

True

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4
Q

What type of receptor is the olfactory receptor?

A

G-protein coupled receptor

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5
Q

T/F: Free surfaces of cilia have odorant receptors proteins

A

True

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6
Q

Each neuron expresses only _ odorant receptor gene

A

1

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7
Q

Having only 1 odorant receptor gene causes cell to respond to only 1 class of odorant. T/F?

A

True

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8
Q

What is the mechanism for olfactory sensory neurons

A

Ligand binds to olfactory receptor-> activates olfactory receptor-> activates intracellular (heterotrimeric) G protein Golf-> activates adenyl cyclase-> cAMP produced-> ion channels open in plasma membrane->influx of Na+ and Ca2+ into cell-> neuron depolarizes->AP generated and converges into olfactory bulb

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9
Q

Phosphodiesterase and Ca2+ turns off what?

A

Olfactory receptor

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10
Q

What is the relay station for APs

A

Glomeruli located in olfactory bulbs

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11
Q

Neural stem cells reside in:

A

Basal cells

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12
Q

Loss of smell is linked to

A

Neurodegenerative disorders and aged individuals

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13
Q

Where are stem cells are found, produce new stem cells, migrate to olfactory bulb where differentiate to olfactory neurons

A

Ventricles of forebrain

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14
Q

Learning and memory formation, continuous turnover of cells associated with plasticity of adult brain, about 1400 fresh neurons are generated each day

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

What are neurospheres

A

Clusters of neural stem cells, neural cells (neurons), and glial cells

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16
Q

T/F: sensory cells are well conserved throughout evolution

A

True

17
Q

Sensory cells present in the sensory epithelium act as __, converting signlas from the environment into an __ form that can be interpreted by the CNS

A

Transducers, electrical form

18
Q

What is the function of a sensory cell’s basal end?

A

Makes a synapse with neurons that relay the sensory info

19
Q

An olfactory neuron is a bipolar neuron. What are the 2 parts and their function?

A

Dendrite facing the extracellular environment and an axon that travels along the olfactory nerve to olfactory bulb in brain

20
Q

What protrudes from olfactory neuron’s dendrites?

A

Hair like cilia

21
Q

What are the supporting cells of olfactory neurons function?

A

Present in between the neurons to hold in place and keep separate

22
Q

T/F: basal cells in the epithelium-cells in contact with the basal lamina

A

True

23
Q

How many odorant receptor genes in a dog compared to a human

A

1000 in a dog and 350 in a human

24
Q

What is recognized by the odorant receptor?

A

Structural features

25
Q

Are all olfactory neurons response uncommon?

A

No, they are a common mechanism

26
Q

How many glomeruli/bulb in a mouse brain?

A

1800

27
Q

Olfactory neuron’s axons converge on the same:

A

Glomerulus

28
Q

What generates replacements for lost olfactory neurons?

A

Neural stem cells

29
Q

What cells in contact with the basal lamina divide and differentiate into olfactory neurons?

A

Basal stem cells

30
Q

How do odorant receptor proteins help in regeneration of olfactory neurons?

A

Odorant receptor proteins help in AXONAL GUIDANCE and allow growth cone to migrate to and establish CONNECTION WITH CORRECT GLOMERULUS in olfactory bulb

31
Q

Regeneration of olfactory receptor cells in one of the only few instances of:

A

Adult neurogenesis in the CNS

32
Q

Parkinson’s disease, reduced sense of smell precedes:

A

Clinical symptoms

33
Q

Alzheimer’s disease severity correlates with:

A

Degree of loss of olfaction

34
Q

Why is the CNS the most difficult to reconstruct?

A

Adult brain and spinal cord have LITTLE CAPACITY TO SELF-REPAIR OR REGENERATE

35
Q

Stem cells in brain are found where:

A

Ventricles of forebrain and hippocampus

36
Q

What is important about planaria?

A

Is a freshwater flatworm that has extraordinary capacity to regenerate. Ie when starved reduces cell number while maintaining body proportions. Has cycles of de-growth and growth w/o har to survival or fertility

37
Q

What is important of neoblasts?

A

20% of planaria’s cells are neoblasts which are stem cells. Can re-uptake dying cells in process called cell cannibalism

38
Q

How does a newt accomplish regeneration?

A

Differentiated muscle cells de-differentiate and become embryonic cells

Molecular (6 decks)

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