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Molecular > Exam 3 Dr Zaidi > Flashcards

Exam 3 Dr Zaidi Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: the higher the function, the higher the amount of labor?

A

True

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2
Q

What causes differentiation; the essence of development?

A

Selective expression

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3
Q

Purpose of proliferation in the development phase?

A

To create many cells to survive; “strength in numbers”

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4
Q

Purpose of specialization in development phase?

A

Cells start to express different characteristics/phenotypes

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5
Q

Purpose of interaction in the developmental phase?

A

Cells gain unique features via “talking” by chemical signals

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6
Q

Purpose of migration in developmental phase?

A

Cells that are alike come and move together (forms tissues and orgnas)

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7
Q

Why do cells have memory?

A

Have all the right components of signaling pathway and the ancestral signals/markers

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8
Q

What does it mean: homologous proteins are interchangeable

A

Genes are able to still perform their function in a different environment

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9
Q

The fertilized egg is cleaved to form:

A

Blastula (first layer)

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10
Q

Gastrulation of the blastula creates

A

Gastrula

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11
Q

What are the gastrula’s 3 layers and what do they form?

A 
Ectoderm = NS and epidermis
Endoderm = gut, liver, and lung
Mesoderm = muscles and CT
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12
Q

Genes that are relatable in other species bc of a common ancestral DNA sequence

A

Homolog

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13
Q

Gene regulatory proteins control:

A

Genes

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14
Q

What are introns and what do they do?

A

Non-coding DNA that contain the biding sites for different TFs ie control the genes and provides uniqueness

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15
Q

What are exons

A

Coding sequence of DNA

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16
Q

What does it mean to be determined

A

Will become a cell type despite changes in environment

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17
Q

What does it mean to be completely undetermined

A

Potential to change fate because of changes in the environment (can change rapidly)

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18
Q

What does it mean to be committed?

A

Cells that have some attributes of a particular cell type but can change with environment

19
Q

What does asymmetrical division mean?

A

Division is unequal

20
Q

Cells born identical can change/become different how?

A

Due to changes in environment, different molecules induced

21
Q

What is inductive signalling?

A

Group of cells acquired a molecule that turned on a pathway. They can now secrete a molecule that diffuses through and affect other cells; induction of a different developmental program

22
Q

What are morphogens?

A

They are molecules secreted from inductive signaling that induce a different developmental program

23
Q

Morphogens that are short range function:

A

Cell to cell contact

24
Q

Long range morphogens function:

A

Diffuse through extracellular medium

25
Q

What is a local inducer

A

Diffuses away from source

26
Q

What is a local inhibitor?

A

Diffuses away from source and blocks action of inducer

27
Q

What is combinational control?

A

Multiple morphogens (combinations create variety)

28
Q

What types of factors make cell memory?

A

Previous experiences like altered chromatin, regulatory proteins, transcription and RNA

29
Q

What is sequential induction?

A

Different signals secrete in a spatial and temporal manner

30
Q

What do inductive events ultimately accomplish?

A

Change in DNA transcription; turns genes on and off

31
Q

What are the ligands for RTK signaling pathway?

A

EGF, FGF (branchless), Ephrins

32
Q

What are the receptors for the RTK signaling pathway?

A

EGF, FGF, and Eph receptors

33
Q

What are the ligands for TGF-beta signaling pathway?

A

TGF-beta, BMP, and Nodal

34
Q

What are the receptors for TGF-beta signaling pathway?

A

TGF-beta and BMP receptors

35
Q

What is the ligand and receptor for Wnt signaling pathway?

A

ligand: Wnt (wingless) and receptor: frizzled

36
Q

What is the ligand and receptor for HedgeHog singaling pathway?

A

Ligand: Hedgehog receptor: Patched/Smoothened

37
Q

What is the ligand and receptor for Notch signaling pathway?

A

Ligand: Delta receptor: Notch

38
Q

Before acquiring a particular fate, cells express genes that are markers of their __.

A

Markers of their location; regionally determined.

39
Q

Position specific character of a cell is called

A

Positional value

40
Q

Cells retain ‘memory’ of positional value. T/F?

A

True

41
Q

What is a morphogen

A

A long range inductive signal that imposes a pattern of a field of cells

42
Q

Morphogens need an on and off system. How is this accomplished?

A

Antagonists or extracellular inhibitors ind to the signal of its receptor and block interaction

43
Q

Describe the lateral inhibition and positive feedback?

A
  1. System starts off homogeneous and symmetrical
  2. Environment imposes weak asymmetry
  3. Positive feedback amplifies effect
  4. Broken asymmetry is an all of none phenomenon
  5. Irreversible once achieved, external signal becomes irrelevant

Molecular (6 decks)

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