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SFM Quiz 2 > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

This is a primitive cell that can either self-renew or give rise to more specialized cell types. They differentiate into multiple, functional cell types.

A

Stem cells

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2
Q

Stem cells functionally reconstitute a given tissue _______. For example, one blood stem cell gives rise to red cells, white cells, and platelets.

A

In vivo

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of stem cells?

A
    • Not terminally differentiated
    • Can divide without limit
    • Undergo slow division
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4
Q

When stem cells divide, what happens?

A

Give rise to 1 cell with stem cell characteristics and the other with the ability to be differentiated.

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5
Q

Adult stem cells are _______ specific.

A

Tissue

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6
Q

This type of potency is the ability to give rise to all cells of an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues (cells which support embryonic development).

A

Totipotency

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7
Q

What is an example of totipotency?

A

Zygote

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8
Q

This type of potency is the ability to give rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues (embryonic stem cells).

A

Pluripotency

***i.e., Blastocyst of embryo

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9
Q

This type of potency is the ability to give rise to different cell types of a given lineage (adult stem cells).

A

Multipotency

***i.e., tissues from endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

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10
Q

In these stem cells, the proportions of body parts are determined early. Each tissue has a fixed number of these cell populations. Programmed to have a fixed number of divisions controlled by short range signals that operate for a few hundred cell diameters. Defines size of large final structures.

A

Founder stem cells

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11
Q

This type of cell are cells that divide frequently. They move from a cell with stem cell characteristics to a differentiated cell and leave the basal layer and incorporate into the layers above.

A

Transit amplifying cells

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12
Q

Transit amplifying cells are programmed to have a limited number of divisions (finite), which part of the strategy for growth control. They are _________.

A

Committed

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13
Q

For a steady pool of stem cells, half of daughter cells must remain as stem cells to retain original DNA. This is accomplished by…

A

Divisional asymmetry

Environmental asymmetry

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14
Q

This is the term for an asymmetric division that may create 2 cells, one with stem cell characteristics and another with factors that give it the ability to differentiate.

A

Divisional asymmetry

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15
Q

This is the term for a division that makes 2 identical cells but environment may influence/alter one cell.

A

Environmental asymmetry

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16
Q

This is the term for the idea that some tissues stem cells selectively retain original DNA, which is a way to prevent genetic errors in stem cells. When divided, one daughter cell will retain the stem cell characteristics and the original strand of DNA is preserved in stem cells from generation to generation. The second cells gets the newly synthesized strand.

A

Immortal strand hypothesis

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17
Q

Embryonic stem cells are (PLURIPOTENT/MULTIPOTENT), meaning they can become any cell in the body. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated and generate cell types in the tissues in which they reside, making them (PLURIPOTENT/MULTIPOTENT).

A

Pluripotent

Multipotent

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18
Q

Stem cells differentiate into specialized cells in stages. Stages involve multiple factors that combine to produce epigenetic markers in the cell’s DNA that restrict DNA expression and thus the type of cell that the stem cell will differentiate into. DNA expression can pass on to daughter cells through cell division or they can retain stem cell status and capability for long-term renewal (i.e., _______ _______ _______).

A

Immortal strand hypothesis

19
Q

Embryonic stem cells are derived from the ________ stage of embryo. They are capable of proliferating _________ in culture. Have unrestricted developmental potential.

A

Blastocyst

Indefinitely

20
Q

When embryonic stem cells are put back into the blastocyst, they can integrate well with the embryo and develop into different cel types. What happens if they’re injected to an embryo at a later stage or into an adult?

A

They fail to receive appropriate sequence of cues for proper differentiation. Can become a tumor.

21
Q

Embryonic stem cells can give rise to _________, which have the ability to differentiate into a wide range of tissues (can have teeth, hair, bone, etc.). They do not display axis formation or segmentation. ES cells are incapable of generating the body play on their own like embryos.

A

Teratomas

22
Q

This type of stem cell can be found in their blood and bone marrow. It has a greater potency than adult stem cells, but less than embryonic stem cells. Also less ethically contentious.

A

Fetal stem cells

23
Q

This type of stem cell is found in the umbilical cord and are undifferentiated. No need for gene manipulation and can be banked for use in later life.

A

Cord blood stem cells

24
Q

This type of stem cell is reliable, has highly reproducible results, and is ethically contentious.

A

Embryonic stem cells

25
Q

This type of stem cell is done by inducing transcription factors to reprogram adult cells into stem cells. High potential for teratomas.

A

Induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

26
Q

This type of regenerative medicine combines cloning with stem cell research. The nucleus of a somatic cell is planted into a donor egg cell, and this regenerates an individuals own embryonic stem cells.

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

27
Q

What do ES cells differentiate into when injected into host animals?

A 
Cartilage
Bone
Skin
Nerves
Gut and respiratory lining
28
Q

ES cells + retinoic acid and insulin, thyroid hormone, form what type of cells?

A

Adipocytes

29
Q

ES cells + retinoic acid form what type of cells?

A

Neurons

30
Q

ES cells + macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-3, and IL-1 form what type of cells?

A

Macrophages

31
Q

ES cells + dibutyryl cAMP and retinoic acid form what type of cells?

A

Smooth muscle cells

32
Q

ES cells + fibroblast growth factor (FGF), FGF-2 form what type of cells?

A

Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

33
Q

ES cell therapies help to induce development of specialized cell types and to solve the ________ problems often occurring in transplants.

A

Rejection

34
Q

What are the transcription factors essential for establishment and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in the embryo?

A

Nanog
Oct4
Sox2
FoxD3

35
Q

This is required for early stages of pluripotent cell differentiation.

A

GCNF

36
Q

What are the growth factors found in pluripotent cells?

A

Cripto

GDF-3

37
Q

This type of stem cell is found in tissues, and responds to demands of growth/repair. It is strictly imposed by molecular restraints on gene expression.

A

Adult stem cells

38
Q

Adult stem cell therapy can be used for what?

A

Neuro-regeneration

39
Q

T/F. Adult stem cells have a restricted capacity and growth potential. Harvested cells retain properties of the original tissue type, so you cannot coerce them to express characteristics of different tissue type.

A

True

40
Q

Both of these types of stem cells come from bone marrow and differ in what they can be differentiated as.

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (become blood components)

Mesenchymal (stromal) stem cells (become connective tissues, tissues)

41
Q

This is a serious problem in adult stem cells. If genetically different, grafted cells can be rejected by host (requires identical genotype).

A

Immune rejection

42
Q

In iPS cells, the introduction of what transcription factors can induce adult human cells to exhibit properties of ES cells?

A

Oct4
Sox2
Nanog
Lin28

43
Q

Explain how SCNT can be used to treat Type I diabetes.

A

The somatic cell nucleus is implanted into a donor egg cell. It becomes a blastocyst, and the ES cells are removed and differentiated into pancreatic stem cells. These cells are then injected into the pancreas where they become pancreatic cells that can successfully secrete insulin.

SFM Quiz 2 (12 decks)

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