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SFM Quiz 2 > Adaptive Antigen Recognition > Flashcards

Adaptive Antigen Recognition Flashcards

1
Q

BCRs are composed of a surface immunoglobulin and two invariant chains, ______ and ______. These ensure surface expression of immunoglobulin and also function in signal transduction.

A

Ig-alpha

Ig-beta

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2
Q

The TCR complex consists of an alpha/beta heterodimer associated with ______ complex proteins. These proteins ensure the cell surface expression of the TCR and is involved in signal transduction.

A

CD3

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3
Q

This is the term for gene rearrangement events that occur in the absence of antigen.

A

Clonal selection

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4
Q

What are the major mechanisms for generation of lymphocyte receptor diversity?

A
    • Combinatorial diversification
    • Junctional diversity
    • Somatic hypermutation
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5
Q

T/F. The mechanisms accounting for immune diversity for BCR/Antibodies and T-cell/Receptors are IDENTICAL.

A

True

***Production of heavy chain B cell = Production of Beta chain T cell

Production of light chain B cell = Production of alpha chain T cell

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6
Q

T/F. Somatic hypermutation occurs only in T-cells.

A

False. Somatic hypermutation does not occur in TCRs.

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7
Q

Recombination of VDJ segments is directed by what signal?

A

RSS

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8
Q

These are responsible for recombining VDJ segments.

A

RAG-1
RAG-2

***VDJ recombinase

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9
Q

At the junction between D and J segments there is often an insertion of a series of nucleotides which is catalyzed by the enzyme…

A

TdT

**Junctional diversity

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10
Q

TdT catalyzes the random polymerization of nucleotides into DNA without the need for a template. ________ are added to asymmetrically cleaved hairpins in a templated manner. ________ are added in a non-templated manner.

A

P-nucleotide

N-nucleotide

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11
Q

At what stage of B-cell development do surrogate light chains appear then get shut off?

A

Pre-B cell

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12
Q

At what stage do lymphocytes become dependent to self-antigen?

A

Immature lymphocyte

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13
Q

Recombination between VJ and VDJ is not always perfect, it can lead to _________. This can triple the diversity.

A

Frameshifts

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14
Q

In the light chain formation (for B-cells and the Alpha chain of T-cells) explain the formation.

A
    • DNA between V and J deleted
    • VJ joins
    • mRNA transcribed
    • VJ and C separating mRNA is spliced
    • VJC joins
    • VJC mRNA translated to protein
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15
Q

In the heavy chain formation (for B-cells and the Beta chain of T-cells) explain the formation.

A
    • DNA between D and J deleted
    • DJ joins
    • DNA between V and DJ is deleted
    • VDJ join
    • mRNA transcribed
    • VDJ and C separating mRNA is spliced
    • VDJC joins
    • VDJC mRNA is translated to protein
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16
Q

At the junction between D and J segments there is often an insertion of a series of nucleotides which is catalyzed by TdT. What is this process called?

A

Junctional diversity

17
Q

At what stage of B-cell development are RAG and TdT expressed?

A

Pro-B to Pre-B

18
Q

What are the surface markers of a pro-B cell?

A

CD43+
CD19+
CD10+

19
Q

Signals from the ________ are responsible for the largest proliferative expansion of B lineage cells during B cell development.

A

pre-BCR

***pre-TCR does the same for T cells

20
Q

Signals from the pre-BCR (pre-TCR) signals to irreversibly inhibit rearrangements of the Ig heavy chain (Beta chain) locus on the other chromosome. This is called…

A

Allelic exclusion

21
Q

This is the term for when an individual B cell can express one heavy chain encoded by only one of the two inherited alleles. It ensures that every B cell will express a single receptor, thus maintaining clonal specificity.

A

Allelic exclusion

22
Q

B cells and stem cells initially interact through _______ and _______. This promotes another interaction between the stem cell factor (SCF) and ______ leading to proliferation.

A

VCAM-1
VLA-4
Kit

23
Q

At what stage of B-cell development do they undergo negative selection?

A

Immature B cells

24
Q

The pre-mRNA can be processed in two ways, one to bring the VDJ next to the _____ gene and the other to bring the VDJ next to the _____ gene. The resulting mRNAs have the LVDJ and ______ or ______ exons.

A

Cu
Cd

***Will code for a mu or a delta heavy chain

25
Q

T/F. Selection deletes or functionally inactivates cells that display antigen receptors that are self-reactive. Tolerance is acquired by immature B cells that do NOT become activated when challenged with self antigen.

A

True

26
Q

This occurs in developmentally arrested immature B-cells. RAG protein synthesis remains on for additional rearrangement of light chain genes. If the new light chain is not reactive with self-antigen, then tolerance is established and the B cell will mature.

A

Receptor editing

***Does NOT occur in T cells, if they are negatively selected then they will undergo apoptosis right away

27
Q

What does the thymus consist of?

A 
Thymic cortex (outer cortical region)
Medulla (inner cortical region)
28
Q

In humans, _______ activity peaks during puberty and declines thereafter.

A

Thymic

29
Q

The immature T cells contained within the thymus are called _________, and are embedded in epithelial cells called thymic stroma. Express both classes of MHC/HLA.

A

Thymocytes

30
Q

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ involved in the production of primary lymphocytes, not antigen presentation. As such, the only route by which progenitor cells enter the thymus and mature T lymphocytes leave is via the ________.

A

Blood

31
Q

(PRE/IMMATURE) B/T cells express one chain of antigen receptor.

A

Pre

32
Q

(PRE/IMMATURE) B/T cells express the complete antigen receptor.

A

Immature

33
Q

Double positive thymocytes undergo selection. This selection occurs with the establishment of self-restriction; recognition of self MHC/HLA.

A

Positive selection

34
Q

Double positive thymocytes undergo selection. This selection occurs with the establishment of central self tolerance; T lymphocytes do not become activated by self antigen.

A

Negative selection

35
Q

If there is a strong recognition of either class I or class II MHC + peptide, then the cells will undergo ________ selection.

A

Negative

36
Q

If there is a weak recognition of either class I or class II + peptide, then the cells will undergo ________ selection.

A

Positive

37
Q

Small population of self-reactive CD4+ T lymphocytes undergo differentiation to become _______. These function to inhibit self-reactive Th1 cells in the periphery.

A

Tregs

38
Q

Tregs express both ______ and ______ on their surface, have a unique transcription factor ______.

A

CD4
CD25
FoxP3

SFM Quiz 2 (12 decks)

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