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MCM Test 2 > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A stem cell is a primitive cell that gives rise to a [differentiated, specialized daughter cell] and
self-renews into a more
[stem cells]

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2
Q

T/F: Stem cells can functionally reconstitute a given tissue in vivo.

A

T.

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3
Q

Are stem cells terminally differentiated

A

no, they are not terminally differentiated

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4
Q

How often can stem cells divide? and how fast

A

They have telomerase; they can divide without limit. However, they undergo a slow division.

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5
Q

Which stem cells are tissue specific?

A

Adult stem cells are tissue specific.

Ex. A stem cell in the liver will only produce liver cells.

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6
Q

The proliferative potential of a stem cell is called ________

A

potency

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7
Q

3 types of proliferative potential

A
  1. Totipotency
  2. Pluripotency
  3. Multipotency
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8
Q

Totipotency
Type of stem cell:
Location:

A

the ability for a single cell to give rise to all kinds of organisms, including embroyonic and extraembroyonic tissue.

Type: embryonic stem cell
Location: totipotent cells are located in the zygote

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9
Q

Pluripotent
Type of stem cell:
Location:

A

Pluripotent can give rise to all cells of the embryo and adult tissues.

Type of stem cell: embryonic stem cell
Location: Pluripotent cells are located in the blastocyte

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10
Q

Mulitpotent
Type of stem cell:
Location:

A

Multipotent cells can only give rise to any cell in a SPECIFIC lineage.

Type of stem cell: Adult stem cells
Location: Multipotent cells are located in various tissues

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11
Q

Pluripotent stem cells can be isolated from:

A

the inner cell mass of a blastocyte 7 cultured into an embroyonic stem cell , which can make any cell type

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12
Q

Can multipotent stem cells give rise to all cells?

A

NO.

The can only give rise to cells in a specific tissues

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13
Q

_________ stem cells has increased potential for therapeutics

A

Pluripotent

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14
Q

Founder stem cells

A

Founder cells are constantly present in organs and have a fixed number. Founder stem cells determine the size of an organ via signaling. Thus, they have a finite number of division.

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15
Q

Transit Amplifying Cells

A

Transmit amplifying cell is not a stem cell.
Transit amplifying cell has differentiated from a stem cell.

Transit amplifying cell is formed when a stem cell replicated: forms another stem cell and a transitt amplifying cell.

it has a finite number of divisions

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16
Q

What is the difference between stem cells and transit amplifying cell?

A
  1. TACs are not stem cells, they’re more differentiated and are pushed to become the target cell. Stem cells, on the other hand, are undifferentiated
  2. Stem cells can divide an unlimited number of times
    Transit amplifying cells have a limited number of divisions.
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17
Q

What is the purpose of transit amplifying cells?

A

growth control

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18
Q

Are transit amplifying cells committed?

A

Yes. they are more specific and will become a cell of a certain lineage.

19
Q

To have a steady pool of stem cells, what happens?

A

To have a steady pool, 50% of our daughter cells must remain as stem cells and retain original DNA.

the other 50% can differentiate.

20
Q

What processes occur to create a steady pool of stem cells?

A
  1. Divisional asymmetry

2. Environmental asymmetry

21
Q

Divisional asymmetry

A

The asymmetric division of a stem cell produces

  1. a stem cell with the same DNA
  2. A cell that has the ability to differentiate
22
Q

Environmental asymmetry

A

Division of a stem cell makes 2 identical cells, but 1 is influenced by the environment

23
Q

Immortal strand hypothesis

A

Proposes that adult stem cells retain their DNA information to reduce genetic errors.

Original strand of DNA is preserved in the stem cell from generation to generation

Second cell gets the newly made strand

24
Q

adult stem cells are ________

A

multipotent

25
Q

Embryonic stem cells are _______

A

totipotent

and pluripotent

26
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A
  1. derived from the blastocyst stage of a embryo
  2. can proliferate indefinitely.
  3. When put back into the blastocyst, they can integrate well with the embryo. However, if they are put back in a later stage, they fail to receive appropriate cues to differentiate properly.
27
Q

Bad thing about embryonic stem cells

A

Can become a TERTOMA, which have a number of different tissue

28
Q

Genes in pluripotent cells

A

Research has found that there are genes expressed only in pluripotent cell populations. These include

Transcription factors:
1. Nanog
2. Oct4
3. Sox2
4. FoxD3
which are necessary for establishment and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells.

& growth factors such as Cripto and GDF3

29
Q

growth factors in pluripotent cells

A

Cripto

GDF3

30
Q

What can we interpret about gene expression in pluripotent stem cells?

A

There is a common molecular blueprint of gene expression

31
Q

Adult stem cells

A
  • Found in tissue
  • Respond to the demands of growth/repair.

-gene expression is STRICTLY maintained but can be altered by the environemtn .

32
Q

Do we see terotomas in adult stem cells?

A

No, they have restricted capacity and growth potential.

& because they retain properties of the original tissue and have memory of its developmental hx.

33
Q

In bone marrow, we have 2 types of adult stem cells:

A
  1. Hematopoietic

2. Stromal stem cells

34
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

come from bone marrow

can differentiate into blood components (RBC, WBC, platelets

35
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells can become

A

connective tissues and tissues

36
Q

Cord blood

A

Undifferentiated and does not require gene manipulation.

But ethical barriers?

37
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells are a type of _______, stromal stem cell

A

multipotent stromal stem cell

38
Q

What are the central strategies for regenerative medicine?

A
  1. Reprogram primary cells into the desired cell type

2. Use pluripotent cells

39
Q

________ is a serious problem in adult stem cells

A

immune rejection

40
Q

Inductively pluripotent stem cells: IPS

A

Reprogram an adult cell back into a pluripotent

Done by transcription factors

41
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

remove egg nucleus, add a somatic cell nucleus of a recipient and continue to grow with new DNA.

42
Q

Ethical concerns at research stage: Stoping at the fusion stage

A

cannot use cells to research

43
Q

Ethical concerns at the rsearch stages: stop at the blastocyst

A

you can research but run the risk of clones

MCM Test 2 (12 decks)

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