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Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a FLUID connective tissue that swims through the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What is blood made up of?

A
  1. Plasma (fluid component and protein rich)

2. Cells (RBC and WBC)

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3
Q

Plasma is protein-rich. What is in the plasma?

A
  1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  2. Leukocytes (WBCs)
  3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
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4
Q

What are the fxs of blood?

A
  1. Deliver nutrients and O2 and transport wastes and CO2
  2. Deliver hormones, regulatory substances and immune system cells
  3. Maintain homeostasis by acting as a buffer and participating in [coagulation] and [thermoregulation]
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5
Q

How do we get the hematocrit?

A

the hemotocrit is obtained by centrifuging our blood. Afterwards. it will separate it into its respective components::

  1. RBC (44% of blood)
  2. Buffy coat–> Platelets and leukocytes (WBCs)
  3. Plasma
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6
Q

hematocrit

A

the volume of RBC in our blood

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7
Q

______ and _____ only make up _% of our hematocrit

A

Platelets (thrombocytes) and leukocytes (WBCs)
make up 1% of our hematocrit

This is called our buffy coat

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8
Q

What is plasma?

Plasma makes up ___% of our blood

A

Plasma are the water + proteins that are in our blood.

55%

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9
Q

Our plasma is ____% water by weight

A

92%

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10
Q

Plasma acts as a ____ for ______

A

Plasma acts as a solvent for solutes

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11
Q

What is interstitial fluid derived from

A

Interstitial fluid, the fluid that surrounds our cells, is derived from plasma. Thus, the composition of our ISF will depend on the concentration of our blood in that area

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12
Q

While water comprises 92% of our plasma, what makes up the other 8?

A

Proteins such as

  1. albumin
  2. globulin
  3. fibrinogen
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13
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Blood plasma without the clotting factors (fibrinogen)

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14
Q

What is the main protein in the plasma?

A

Albumin is the main protein in the plasma 50% of proteins in the plasma are albumin.

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15
Q

Where is albumin made?

A

liver

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16
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Albumin is responsible for creating an osmotic gradient between our [blood] and [extracellular tissue fluid].

Thus, it creates a major colloid osmotic pressure on the vessel walls.

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17
Q

Albumin is a carrier protein for

A
  1. thyroxine
  2. billiruben
  3. barbituates
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18
Q

What are the two types of globulins?

A
  1. immunoglobulines (y-globulins)

2. Non-immune globulins (alpha-globulilin and beta-globulin)

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19
Q

What are immunoglobulins (y-globulins)

A

Largest component

it is repsonsible for our immune response

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20
Q

What are non-immune globulins?

A

alpha and b globulins are non-immune globulins.

They help to maintain osmotic pressure in the vascular system and serve as carrier proteins.

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21
Q

What is the largest plasma protein?

A

Fibrinogen

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22
Q

Where is fibrinogen made

A

Liver

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23
Q

What is fibronogen

A

Fibrinogen is a soluble protein that is converted into a insoluble protein, fibrin. When it converts, a conformational change occurs to help it form clots

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24
Q

How does fibrinogen–> fibrin?

A

Fibrinogen chains–> monomers–> polymerize to form long chains.

The long chains will then become cross linked and form a impermeable

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25
Blood cells (_____, _____, _____) are all formed in the ___________
``` Blood cells: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes Thrombocytes are formed elements suspended in the plasma that are made in the bone marrow. ```
26
What is a erythrocyte
RBC. An anucleate cell that does not have organelles. Shaped like a biconcave disk, which increases SA and makes it flexible.
27
RBC is considered a histologic rule because?
They are 7-8um long
28
RBCs bind ____ to deliver to the tissue and bind ____ to remove them
O2 CO2
29
What is the lifespan of a RBC and where are they phagocitized?
120 days. | 1% of them are removed a day and are phagocytosed in the [spleen, liver and bone marrow]
30
Reticulocytes
Immature RBC that is released from the bone marrow. It still has some organelles and a nucleus. 24-48 hours it will become a mature RBC.
31
RBC cytoskeleton has a ________ bilayer and thus, it has _______ proteins
the cytoskeleton of RBCs have a typical phospholipid bilayer. Thus, it has integral proteins such as glycophorin C and band 3 protein
32
Glycophorin C
A RBC integral protein that binds the [cell membrane] to the [underlying cytoskeleton proteins]
33
Band 3 protein
Band 3 protein is a RBC integral protein. Binds Hb and acts as a anchoring site for cytoskeleton proteins (the most abundant)
34
The peripheral proteins of a RBC create
a lattice network along inner layer of the membrane
35
what is the lattice made up of?
alpha spectrin and beta spectrin molecules form a heterodimer that forms long, flexible tetramers
36
Spectrin filaments are then anchored to the membrane by:
1. band 4.1 protein complex, which interacts with glycophorin C 2. Ankyrin protein complex (ankyrin + band 4.2 protein) that interacts with the [integral membrane protein band 3]
37
Anemia is what?
Decreased Hb levels caused by a loss of RBCs. The loss of RBCs can be due to decreased levels of Fe, Vitamin B12 or folic acid
38
hemolytic anemia
accelerated destruction of RBCs
39
Hemolysis
When RBCs cannot adapt to changes in osmotic pressure or mechanical deformations
40
Hereditary spherocytosis
1. Autosomal dominant mutation 2. Affects: ankrin complex Has defective anchor proteins, causing membrane to detach and peepl off 3. Result: spherical Rbs
41
Heriditary elliptocytosis
1. Autosomal dominant mutation 2. Affects: [spectrin-spectrin lateral bonds] & [spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions] are defective Them membrane will fail to rebound and forms elliptical eythrocytes
42
What is jaundice?
A yellow appearance in the sclera of the eye and skin that results the destruction of RBCs.
43
Jaundice is common when a patient has _________
hemolytic anemias in newborns, who's livers are often inefficient.
44
What are the types of leukocytes (WBC)?
There are two types of leukocytes that are based on the presence of granules: 1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes
45
Granulocytes
ALL THE PHILS GO TOGETHER 1. Neutrophiles 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils
46
Agranulocytes
ALL THE CYTES GO TOGETHER 1. Lymphocytes 1. Monocytes
47
What are the amounts of leukocytes in the blood?
``` Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas ``` Neutrophils are the most abundant Basophils are the least abundant
48
Neutrophils 1. Key features 2. How do they stain 3. Role
Neutrophils 1. Key feature--> have a multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear neutrophils ) 2. Cytoplasms lack staining but the nuclei stain a dark purple 3. FIRST RESPONDERS: They are drawn to something and release their granules. Function in ACUTE inflammation and tissue injury. They also recognize and bind to foreign agents
49
What are the 3 types of neutrophil granules?
1. Azurophilic granules 2. Specific granules 3. Tertiary granules
50
Azurophilic granules
have lysosomes that contain MPO (myeloperoxidase)
51
Specific granules
specific granules are also called secondary granules. Have various enzymes, compliment activators and antimicrobial peptides
52
Teritiary granules
There are two types of tertiary granules: [phosphotases] and [metalloproteinases], which facilitate membrane through CT
53
Eosinophils staining
stain intensely PINK and has granules
54
Size of eosinophils
same size as neutrophils
55
Nucleus of eosinophils
2 lobes (bilobed)
56
Eosinophils have [what type of granules] that release?
Eosonophils have [large and elongated specific and azurophilic] granules that release ARYLSULFATASE and HISTAMINASE.
57
What do eosinophils do?
ECAP Eosinophiles Chronic inflammation Allergies* Parasitic infections
58
Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils sizes
all about the same size
59
Basophils stain
Stain INTENSELY purple. so it is hard to see the nucleus
60
Nucleus in the basophils
It is very hard to see the nucleus because they are obscured by the granules
61
Basophils are similar to _________
mast cells
62
What do the granules of basophils release?
Vasoactive agents, so they're responsible for allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is [BA]d. Bind the antigen-antibody complex.
63
____________ are the main functional cells of the immune system
lymphocytes.
64
What do lymphocytes look like?
They have a big purple nucleus and a small blue ring that is the cytoplasm
65
What are the size of lymphocytes?
They can be small, medium, large
66
Feature of lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are not finished differentiating. They can differentiate into other cells: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cell
67
T-lymphocytes
differentiate in the thymus involved in cell-mediated immunity long life span
68
B lymphocytes
differentiate in the bone marrow | B cells will transform into plasma cells--> antibodies
69
NK cells
kill virus infected cells and tumor cells
70
On a blood smear, can you tell T and B cells apart?
No, on a blood smear the look the same.
71
Monocytes size
largest WBC
72
Nucleus of monocytes
<3 shaped
73
Granules in monocytes
small, azurophillic
74
Do monocytes differentiate into anything?
yes. | monocytes differentiate into macrophages--> phagocytes, which are part of the mononuclear phagocytotic system.
75
What do monocytes do?
they phagocytose foreign invators.
76
what is hemostasis?
hemostasis is the control of bleeding
77
Thrombocytes
Thrombocytes are small-membrane-bound fragments that come from from megakaryocytes They are involved in hemostasis
78
Megakaryocytes
large polyploid cells in the bone marrow
79
A damage in the vasculature promotes ___________
platelet adhesion
80
Damage in the vasculature promotes platelet adhesion. Then, platelets will release
1. serotonin | 2. ADP & thromboxane A2
81
When platelets release serotonin, what happens?
Serotonin is a vasocontrictoror: causing the smooth muscle to contract, which reduces blood flow
82
What do ADP and thromboxane A2 do?
Once serotonin has been released, which causes vasoconstriction of the smooth muscle, reducing blood flow to the area, [ADP and thromboxane A2] will be released to increase the amount of platelets that are sent the area, forming a primary hemostatic plug
83
After the primary platelet plug forms, so does a secondary hemostatic plug. How does this form?
Fibrinogen--> fibrin Fibrin will then for a mesh over the platelets and make a secondary hemostatic plug

MCM Test 2 (12 decks)

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