Basic Blood Flashcards
What is blood?
Blood is a FLUID connective tissue that swims through the cardiovascular system
What is blood made up of?
- Plasma (fluid component and protein rich)
2. Cells (RBC and WBC)
Plasma is protein-rich. What is in the plasma?
- Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Leukocytes (WBCs)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
What are the fxs of blood?
- Deliver nutrients and O2 and transport wastes and CO2
- Deliver hormones, regulatory substances and immune system cells
- Maintain homeostasis by acting as a buffer and participating in [coagulation] and [thermoregulation]
How do we get the hematocrit?
the hemotocrit is obtained by centrifuging our blood. Afterwards. it will separate it into its respective components::
- RBC (44% of blood)
- Buffy coat–> Platelets and leukocytes (WBCs)
- Plasma
hematocrit
the volume of RBC in our blood
______ and _____ only make up _% of our hematocrit
Platelets (thrombocytes) and leukocytes (WBCs)
make up 1% of our hematocrit
This is called our buffy coat
What is plasma?
Plasma makes up ___% of our blood
Plasma are the water + proteins that are in our blood.
55%
Our plasma is ____% water by weight
92%
Plasma acts as a ____ for ______
Plasma acts as a solvent for solutes
What is interstitial fluid derived from
Interstitial fluid, the fluid that surrounds our cells, is derived from plasma. Thus, the composition of our ISF will depend on the concentration of our blood in that area
While water comprises 92% of our plasma, what makes up the other 8?
Proteins such as
- albumin
- globulin
- fibrinogen
What is blood serum?
Blood plasma without the clotting factors (fibrinogen)
What is the main protein in the plasma?
Albumin is the main protein in the plasma 50% of proteins in the plasma are albumin.
Where is albumin made?
liver
What does albumin do?
Albumin is responsible for creating an osmotic gradient between our [blood] and [extracellular tissue fluid].
Thus, it creates a major colloid osmotic pressure on the vessel walls.
Albumin is a carrier protein for
- thyroxine
- billiruben
- barbituates
What are the two types of globulins?
- immunoglobulines (y-globulins)
2. Non-immune globulins (alpha-globulilin and beta-globulin)
What are immunoglobulins (y-globulins)
Largest component
it is repsonsible for our immune response
What are non-immune globulins?
alpha and b globulins are non-immune globulins.
They help to maintain osmotic pressure in the vascular system and serve as carrier proteins.
What is the largest plasma protein?
Fibrinogen
Where is fibrinogen made
Liver
What is fibronogen
Fibrinogen is a soluble protein that is converted into a insoluble protein, fibrin. When it converts, a conformational change occurs to help it form clots
How does fibrinogen–> fibrin?
Fibrinogen chains–> monomers–> polymerize to form long chains.
The long chains will then become cross linked and form a impermeable
Blood cells (_____, _____, _____) are all formed in the ___________
Blood cells: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes Thrombocytes are formed elements suspended in the plasma that are made in the bone marrow.
What is a erythrocyte
RBC. An anucleate cell that does not have organelles.
Shaped like a biconcave disk, which increases SA and makes it flexible.
RBC is considered a histologic rule because?
They are 7-8um long
RBCs bind ____ to deliver to the tissue and bind ____ to remove them
O2
CO2
What is the lifespan of a RBC and where are they phagocitized?
120 days.
1% of them are removed a day and are phagocytosed in the [spleen, liver and bone marrow]
Reticulocytes
Immature RBC that is released from the bone marrow. It still has some organelles and a nucleus.
24-48 hours it will become a mature RBC.
RBC cytoskeleton has a ________ bilayer and thus, it has _______ proteins
the cytoskeleton of RBCs have a typical phospholipid bilayer. Thus, it has integral proteins such as glycophorin C and band 3 protein
Glycophorin C
A RBC integral protein that binds the [cell membrane] to the [underlying cytoskeleton proteins]
Band 3 protein
Band 3 protein is a RBC integral protein.
Binds Hb and acts as a anchoring site for cytoskeleton proteins (the most abundant)
The peripheral proteins of a RBC create
a lattice network along inner layer of the membrane
what is the lattice made up of?
alpha spectrin and beta spectrin molecules form a heterodimer that forms long, flexible tetramers
Spectrin filaments are then anchored to the membrane by:
- band 4.1 protein complex, which interacts with glycophorin C
- Ankyrin protein complex (ankyrin + band 4.2 protein) that interacts with the [integral membrane protein band 3]
Anemia is what?
Decreased Hb levels caused by a loss of RBCs. The loss of RBCs can be due to decreased levels of Fe, Vitamin B12 or folic acid
hemolytic anemia
accelerated destruction of RBCs
Hemolysis
When RBCs cannot adapt to changes in osmotic pressure or mechanical deformations
Hereditary spherocytosis
- Autosomal dominant mutation
- Affects: ankrin complex
Has defective anchor proteins, causing membrane to detach and peepl off - Result: spherical Rbs
Heriditary elliptocytosis
- Autosomal dominant mutation
- Affects: [spectrin-spectrin lateral bonds] & [spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions] are defective
Them membrane will fail to rebound and forms elliptical eythrocytes
What is jaundice?
A yellow appearance in the sclera of the eye and skin that results the destruction of RBCs.
Jaundice is common when a patient has _________
hemolytic anemias
in newborns, who’s livers are often inefficient.
What are the types of leukocytes (WBC)?
There are two types of leukocytes that are based on the presence of granules:
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
ALL THE PHILS GO TOGETHER
- Neutrophiles
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Agranulocytes
ALL THE CYTES GO TOGETHER
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
What are the amounts of leukocytes in the blood?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils are the most abundant
Basophils are the least abundant
Neutrophils
- Key features
- How do they stain
- Role
Neutrophils
- Key feature–> have a multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear neutrophils )
- Cytoplasms lack staining but the nuclei stain a dark purple
- FIRST RESPONDERS: They are drawn to something and release their granules. Function in ACUTE inflammation and tissue injury. They also recognize and bind to foreign agents
What are the 3 types of neutrophil granules?
- Azurophilic granules
- Specific granules
- Tertiary granules
Azurophilic granules
have lysosomes that contain MPO (myeloperoxidase)
Specific granules
specific granules are also called secondary granules.
Have various enzymes, compliment activators and antimicrobial peptides
Teritiary granules
There are two types of tertiary granules: [phosphotases] and [metalloproteinases], which facilitate membrane through CT
Eosinophils staining
stain intensely PINK and has granules
Size of eosinophils
same size as neutrophils
Nucleus of eosinophils
2 lobes (bilobed)
Eosinophils have [what type of granules] that release?
Eosonophils have
[large and elongated specific and azurophilic] granules that release
ARYLSULFATASE and HISTAMINASE.
What do eosinophils do?
ECAP
Eosinophiles
Chronic inflammation
Allergies*
Parasitic infections
Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils sizes
all about the same size
Basophils stain
Stain INTENSELY purple. so it is hard to see the nucleus
Nucleus in the basophils
It is very hard to see the nucleus because they are obscured by the granules
Basophils are similar to _________
mast cells
What do the granules of basophils release?
Vasoactive agents, so they’re responsible for
allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.
Anaphylaxis is [BA]d.
Bind the antigen-antibody complex.
____________ are the main functional cells of the immune system
lymphocytes.
What do lymphocytes look like?
They have a big purple nucleus and a small blue ring that is the cytoplasm
What are the size of lymphocytes?
They can be small, medium, large
Feature of lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are not finished differentiating. They can differentiate into other cells:
T lymphocytes,
B lymphocytes and
Natural Killer Cell
T-lymphocytes
differentiate in the thymus
involved in cell-mediated immunity
long life span
B lymphocytes
differentiate in the bone marrow
B cells will transform into plasma cells–> antibodies
NK cells
kill virus infected cells and tumor cells
On a blood smear, can you tell T and B cells apart?
No, on a blood smear the look the same.
Monocytes size
largest WBC
Nucleus of monocytes
<3 shaped
Granules in monocytes
small, azurophillic
Do monocytes differentiate into anything?
yes.
monocytes differentiate into macrophages–> phagocytes, which are part of the mononuclear phagocytotic system.
What do monocytes do?
they phagocytose foreign invators.
what is hemostasis?
hemostasis is the control of bleeding
Thrombocytes
Thrombocytes are small-membrane-bound fragments that come from from megakaryocytes
They are involved in hemostasis
Megakaryocytes
large polyploid cells in the bone marrow
A damage in the vasculature promotes ___________
platelet adhesion
Damage in the vasculature promotes platelet adhesion. Then, platelets will release
- serotonin
2. ADP & thromboxane A2
When platelets release serotonin, what happens?
Serotonin is a vasocontrictoror: causing the smooth muscle to contract, which reduces blood flow
What do ADP and thromboxane A2 do?
Once serotonin has been released, which causes vasoconstriction of the smooth muscle, reducing blood flow to the area,
[ADP and thromboxane A2] will be released to increase the amount of platelets that are sent the area, forming a primary hemostatic plug
After the primary platelet plug forms, so does a secondary hemostatic plug. How does this form?
Fibrinogen–> fibrin
Fibrin will then for a mesh over the platelets and make a secondary hemostatic plug
