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MCM Test 2 > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a FLUID connective tissue that swims through the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What is blood made up of?

A
  1. Plasma (fluid component and protein rich)

2. Cells (RBC and WBC)

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3
Q

Plasma is protein-rich. What is in the plasma?

A
  1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  2. Leukocytes (WBCs)
  3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
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4
Q

What are the fxs of blood?

A
  1. Deliver nutrients and O2 and transport wastes and CO2
  2. Deliver hormones, regulatory substances and immune system cells
  3. Maintain homeostasis by acting as a buffer and participating in [coagulation] and [thermoregulation]
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5
Q

How do we get the hematocrit?

A

the hemotocrit is obtained by centrifuging our blood. Afterwards. it will separate it into its respective components::

  1. RBC (44% of blood)
  2. Buffy coat–> Platelets and leukocytes (WBCs)
  3. Plasma
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6
Q

hematocrit

A

the volume of RBC in our blood

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7
Q

______ and _____ only make up _% of our hematocrit

A

Platelets (thrombocytes) and leukocytes (WBCs)
make up 1% of our hematocrit

This is called our buffy coat

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8
Q

What is plasma?

Plasma makes up ___% of our blood

A

Plasma are the water + proteins that are in our blood.

55%

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9
Q

Our plasma is ____% water by weight

A

92%

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10
Q

Plasma acts as a ____ for ______

A

Plasma acts as a solvent for solutes

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11
Q

What is interstitial fluid derived from

A

Interstitial fluid, the fluid that surrounds our cells, is derived from plasma. Thus, the composition of our ISF will depend on the concentration of our blood in that area

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12
Q

While water comprises 92% of our plasma, what makes up the other 8?

A

Proteins such as

  1. albumin
  2. globulin
  3. fibrinogen
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13
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Blood plasma without the clotting factors (fibrinogen)

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14
Q

What is the main protein in the plasma?

A

Albumin is the main protein in the plasma 50% of proteins in the plasma are albumin.

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15
Q

Where is albumin made?

A

liver

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16
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Albumin is responsible for creating an osmotic gradient between our [blood] and [extracellular tissue fluid].

Thus, it creates a major colloid osmotic pressure on the vessel walls.

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17
Q

Albumin is a carrier protein for

A
  1. thyroxine
  2. billiruben
  3. barbituates
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18
Q

What are the two types of globulins?

A
  1. immunoglobulines (y-globulins)

2. Non-immune globulins (alpha-globulilin and beta-globulin)

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19
Q

What are immunoglobulins (y-globulins)

A

Largest component

it is repsonsible for our immune response

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20
Q

What are non-immune globulins?

A

alpha and b globulins are non-immune globulins.

They help to maintain osmotic pressure in the vascular system and serve as carrier proteins.

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21
Q

What is the largest plasma protein?

A

Fibrinogen

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22
Q

Where is fibrinogen made

A

Liver

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23
Q

What is fibronogen

A

Fibrinogen is a soluble protein that is converted into a insoluble protein, fibrin. When it converts, a conformational change occurs to help it form clots

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24
Q

How does fibrinogen–> fibrin?

A

Fibrinogen chains–> monomers–> polymerize to form long chains.

The long chains will then become cross linked and form a impermeable

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25
Q

Blood cells (_____, _____, _____) are all formed in the ___________

A 
Blood cells:
Erythrocytes,
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
are formed elements suspended in the plasma that are made in the bone marrow.
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26
Q

What is a erythrocyte

A

RBC. An anucleate cell that does not have organelles.

Shaped like a biconcave disk, which increases SA and makes it flexible.

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27
Q

RBC is considered a histologic rule because?

A

They are 7-8um long

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28
Q

RBCs bind ____ to deliver to the tissue and bind ____ to remove them

A

O2

CO2

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29
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC and where are they phagocitized?

A

120 days.

1% of them are removed a day and are phagocytosed in the [spleen, liver and bone marrow]

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30
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature RBC that is released from the bone marrow. It still has some organelles and a nucleus.

24-48 hours it will become a mature RBC.

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31
Q

RBC cytoskeleton has a ________ bilayer and thus, it has _______ proteins

A

the cytoskeleton of RBCs have a typical phospholipid bilayer. Thus, it has integral proteins such as glycophorin C and band 3 protein

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32
Q

Glycophorin C

A

A RBC integral protein that binds the [cell membrane] to the [underlying cytoskeleton proteins]

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33
Q

Band 3 protein

A

Band 3 protein is a RBC integral protein.

Binds Hb and acts as a anchoring site for cytoskeleton proteins (the most abundant)

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34
Q

The peripheral proteins of a RBC create

A

a lattice network along inner layer of the membrane

35
Q

what is the lattice made up of?

A

alpha spectrin and beta spectrin molecules form a heterodimer that forms long, flexible tetramers

36
Q

Spectrin filaments are then anchored to the membrane by:

A
  1. band 4.1 protein complex, which interacts with glycophorin C
  2. Ankyrin protein complex (ankyrin + band 4.2 protein) that interacts with the [integral membrane protein band 3]
37
Q

Anemia is what?

A

Decreased Hb levels caused by a loss of RBCs. The loss of RBCs can be due to decreased levels of Fe, Vitamin B12 or folic acid

38
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

accelerated destruction of RBCs

39
Q

Hemolysis

A

When RBCs cannot adapt to changes in osmotic pressure or mechanical deformations

40
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A
  1. Autosomal dominant mutation
  2. Affects: ankrin complex
    Has defective anchor proteins, causing membrane to detach and peepl off
  3. Result: spherical Rbs
41
Q

Heriditary elliptocytosis

A
  1. Autosomal dominant mutation
  2. Affects: [spectrin-spectrin lateral bonds] & [spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions] are defective

Them membrane will fail to rebound and forms elliptical eythrocytes

42
Q

What is jaundice?

A

A yellow appearance in the sclera of the eye and skin that results the destruction of RBCs.

43
Q

Jaundice is common when a patient has _________

A

hemolytic anemias

in newborns, who’s livers are often inefficient.

44
Q

What are the types of leukocytes (WBC)?

A

There are two types of leukocytes that are based on the presence of granules:

  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
45
Q

Granulocytes

A

ALL THE PHILS GO TOGETHER

  1. Neutrophiles
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
46
Q

Agranulocytes

A

ALL THE CYTES GO TOGETHER

  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
47
Q

What are the amounts of leukocytes in the blood?

A 
Never
Let 
Monkeys 
Eat 
Bananas

Neutrophils are the most abundant
Basophils are the least abundant

48
Q

Neutrophils

  1. Key features
  2. How do they stain
  3. Role
A

Neutrophils

  1. Key feature–> have a multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear neutrophils )
  2. Cytoplasms lack staining but the nuclei stain a dark purple
  3. FIRST RESPONDERS: They are drawn to something and release their granules. Function in ACUTE inflammation and tissue injury. They also recognize and bind to foreign agents
49
Q

What are the 3 types of neutrophil granules?

A
  1. Azurophilic granules
  2. Specific granules
  3. Tertiary granules
50
Q

Azurophilic granules

A

have lysosomes that contain MPO (myeloperoxidase)

51
Q

Specific granules

A

specific granules are also called secondary granules.

Have various enzymes, compliment activators and antimicrobial peptides

52
Q

Teritiary granules

A

There are two types of tertiary granules: [phosphotases] and [metalloproteinases], which facilitate membrane through CT

53
Q

Eosinophils staining

A

stain intensely PINK and has granules

54
Q

Size of eosinophils

A

same size as neutrophils

55
Q

Nucleus of eosinophils

A

2 lobes (bilobed)

56
Q

Eosinophils have [what type of granules] that release?

A

Eosonophils have
[large and elongated specific and azurophilic] granules that release

ARYLSULFATASE and HISTAMINASE.

57
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

ECAP

Eosinophiles
Chronic inflammation
Allergies*
Parasitic infections

58
Q

Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils sizes

A

all about the same size

59
Q

Basophils stain

A

Stain INTENSELY purple. so it is hard to see the nucleus

60
Q

Nucleus in the basophils

A

It is very hard to see the nucleus because they are obscured by the granules

61
Q

Basophils are similar to _________

A

mast cells

62
Q

What do the granules of basophils release?

A

Vasoactive agents, so they’re responsible for

allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.
Anaphylaxis is [BA]d.

Bind the antigen-antibody complex.

63
Q

____________ are the main functional cells of the immune system

A

lymphocytes.

64
Q

What do lymphocytes look like?

A

They have a big purple nucleus and a small blue ring that is the cytoplasm

65
Q

What are the size of lymphocytes?

A

They can be small, medium, large

66
Q

Feature of lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes are not finished differentiating. They can differentiate into other cells:
T lymphocytes,
B lymphocytes and
Natural Killer Cell

67
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

differentiate in the thymus
involved in cell-mediated immunity

long life span

68
Q

B lymphocytes

A

differentiate in the bone marrow

B cells will transform into plasma cells–> antibodies

69
Q

NK cells

A

kill virus infected cells and tumor cells

70
Q

On a blood smear, can you tell T and B cells apart?

A

No, on a blood smear the look the same.

71
Q

Monocytes size

A

largest WBC

72
Q

Nucleus of monocytes

A

<3 shaped

73
Q

Granules in monocytes

A

small, azurophillic

74
Q

Do monocytes differentiate into anything?

A

yes.

monocytes differentiate into macrophages–> phagocytes, which are part of the mononuclear phagocytotic system.

75
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

they phagocytose foreign invators.

76
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

hemostasis is the control of bleeding

77
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Thrombocytes are small-membrane-bound fragments that come from from megakaryocytes

They are involved in hemostasis

78
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

large polyploid cells in the bone marrow

79
Q

A damage in the vasculature promotes ___________

A

platelet adhesion

80
Q

Damage in the vasculature promotes platelet adhesion. Then, platelets will release

A
  1. serotonin

2. ADP & thromboxane A2

81
Q

When platelets release serotonin, what happens?

A

Serotonin is a vasocontrictoror: causing the smooth muscle to contract, which reduces blood flow

82
Q

What do ADP and thromboxane A2 do?

A

Once serotonin has been released, which causes vasoconstriction of the smooth muscle, reducing blood flow to the area,

[ADP and thromboxane A2] will be released to increase the amount of platelets that are sent the area, forming a primary hemostatic plug

83
Q

After the primary platelet plug forms, so does a secondary hemostatic plug. How does this form?

A

Fibrinogen–> fibrin

Fibrin will then for a mesh over the platelets and make a secondary hemostatic plug

MCM Test 2 (12 decks)

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