Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What can stem cells turn into?

A

self-renew into another stem cell

give rise to more specialized cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What enzyme to stem cells have that helps them live a long time?

A

telomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do stem cells divide?

A

asymmetrically: one stem cell; one w/ ability to be differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is totipotency?

A

can turn into any type of cell

about 16 first cells in a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does pluriportent mean?

A

can give rise to all cells of embryo and then adult tissues
blastocyst
these are cells that are cultured and turned into diff things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is multipotency?

A

ability to give rise to diff cell types of a given lineage

adult stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are founder stem cells?

A

fixed number of divisions –> set population –> gives rise to body part proportions –> size of final structures
controlled by short range signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are transit amplifying cells?

A

differentiated cell that leaves basal layer –> goes to layer above
divide frequently, but have limitted # of div. = part of strategy for growth control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is divisional asymmetry?

A

stem cell divides into two cells: One stem; one w/ ability to differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is environmental asymmetry?

A

Stem cell divides into two identical stem cells –> environment can alter one daughter cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the immortal strand hypothesis

A

original strand of DNA preserved in 1 daughter cell from generation to generation
bc don’t want to introduce mutations to new lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

For those who agree w/ immortal strand hypothesis, how does original strand keep going to a daughter cell if dna synthesis is semi-conservative?

A

Methylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do you get embryonic stem cells?

A

from blastocyst stage of embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an embryonic stem cell’s potency and how can you use it?

A

pluripotent
can proliferate indefinitely in culture
When put back in blastocyst, integrates well w/ embryo (can make chimera)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens if you inject an embryonic stem cell at a stage later than you are supposed to?

A

If later than blastocyst –> won’t get right sequence of cues –> doesn’t differentiate right –> can become a tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of tumors can ES cells turn into?

What characteristics do these tumors have?

A

Tertomas
can differentiate into wide range of tissues
don’t have axis formation/incabable of generating body plan

17
Q

What do you grow ES cells in?

A

Layer of fibroblast feeder cells
serum free medium
replace specific growth factors to either maintain as stem cells or start to differentiate

18
Q

What are the advantages of ES cell therapies?

A

reliable, highly reproducible
induce dev of specialized cell types
solve rejection problems

19
Q

What is the main difference btw es stem cells and adult stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells have restricted potency

Harvested cells retain properties of tissue they’re from

20
Q

What are hematopoietic stem cells and where are they from?

A

From bone marrow

turn into platelets, RBCs, and WBCs

21
Q

What are mesenchymal stem cells/ where are they from?

A

From bone marrow, adipose tissue, tooth pulp, and Wharton’s jelly
become connective tissues (fat, bone, liver, muscle, and nerves)

22
Q

What is special about cord blood?

A

undifferentiated cells

No gene manipulation required

23
Q

Immune rejection is a big problem when using what type of cells?

A

adult stem cells

24
Q

How do you do somatic cell nuclear transfer?

A

nucleus from somatic cell + donor oocyte –> blastocyst –> ES cells isolated

25
Q

What 4 transcription factors can induce adult somatic cells to exhibit properties of ES cells?

A
(NOLS)
Nanog
Oct4
Lin28
Sox2
26
Q

How do you get TFs into somatic cells for iPS?

A
Use viruses
(trying to use better techniques like crispr)
27
Q

What are the main drawbacks of iPS

A
  1. low yield
  2. Not identical to ES Cells
  3. Have high potential to turn into teratomas
28
Q

What is the ethical quandary with SCNT?

A

Created blastocyst could become a fully functioning organism