Basic Blood

Question 1

What cells are agranulocytes?

Answer 1

lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 2

What detects anemia?

What are most anemias caused by?

Answer 2

low hemoglobin

hemorrhage, insufficient production, or accelerated destruction of rbcs

Question 3

What is the normal percentage of erythrocytes in the blood?

Answer 3

39-50% for males

35-45% for females

Question 4

How long do reticulocytes take to mature?

Answer 4

24-48 hours

Question 5

What is the basic way fibrin is made?

Answer 5

Fgn chains –> monomers –> polymerize to fibers –> cross link to form impermeable net to prevent blood loss
fibrin = insoluble

Question 6

What is serum?

Answer 6

plasma without clotting factors

important for running lab tests!

Question 7

What is band 3 protein?

Answer 7

integral membrane protein of erythrocytes

binds hemoglobin and is an anchor site for ankyrin protein complex

Question 8

What distinguishes eosinophils by looking at them?

Answer 8

bi-lobed nuclei
very pink staining
large and elongated granules

Question 9

How long does it take sickled red blood cells to break down?

Answer 9

~20 days

compared to 120 days for normal rbc

Question 10

Which lymphocytes form and differentiate in bone marrow? what do they do?

Answer 10

B cells

turn into plasma cells –> antibodies

Question 11

What are the basic plasma proteins?

Answer 11

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

Question 12

What cells are granulocytes?

Answer 12

give me all the feels!

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 13

What does band 4.1 protein complex do?

Answer 13

anchors spectrin –> interacts w/ glycophorin C

S4G

Question 14

Which lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus and are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 14

T cells

Question 15

What is hemolytic anemia?

Answer 15

accelerated destruction of rbcs

Question 16

What is the ankyrin protein complex made of?

Answer 16

ankyrin + band 4.2 protein

Question 17

What anchors spectrin?

Answer 17

Band 4.1 complex and ankyrin complex

Question 18

What is fibrinogen?

Answer 18

largest plasma protein (340 kDa); made in liver
turns into fibrin
soluble!

Question 19

what is colloid osmotic pressure?

Answer 19

osmotic pressure on vessel walls

Question 20

How is hereditary elliptocytosis genetically passed?

Answer 20

autosomal dominant

Question 21

What does the ankyrin protein complex do?

Answer 21

anchors spectrin –> interacts w/ band 3

SA3

Question 22

What do NK cells do?

Answer 22

programmed to kill virus-infected and tumor cells

Question 23

Where are erythrocytes phagocytosed?

Answer 23

spleen
bone marrow
liver

Question 24

What does serotonin do in bloodstream?

Answer 24

vasoconstrictor: causes smooth muscle contraction –> less blood flow at injury –

Question 25

What are alpha and beta globulins

Answer 25

non-immune globulins in plasma; maintain osm. pressure and act as carrier proteins

Question 26

What is albumin and what is its function?

Answer 26

main protein in plasma; made in liver makes concentration gradient btw blood and EC tissue fluid source of colloid osmotic pressure carrier protein

Question 27

What is blood plasma?

Answer 27

liquid extracellular material 92% water 7% proteins 1% other solutes (electrolytes, blood gas, waste products)

Question 28

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 28

small fragments of megakaryocytes membrane-bound pieces of cytoplasm also known as platelets provide surface for conversion of fgn --> fibrin

Question 29

What do monocytes look like?

Answer 29

indented, heart-shaped nucleus | small, barely recognizable granules

Question 30

What happens in hereditary spherocytosis?

Answer 30

ankyrin complex is messed up --> defective anchor points --> membrane detaches and peels off --> spherical RBCs Causes hemolysis!!!

Question 31

What do monocytes do?

Answer 31

turn into phagocytes in tissues | inflammation: monocyte leaves vasculature --> macrophage --> phagocytosis

Question 32

How does band 3 protein exist?

Answer 32

as a dimer

Question 33

What is the "buffy coat" in a blood sample?

Answer 33

Leukocytes and platelets | only 1% of blood volume

Question 34

What causes sickle cell anemia?

Answer 34

single-point mutation in beta globulin chain of hemoglobin A | Glu—>val

Question 35

How is hereditary spherocytosis genetically passed?

Answer 35

autosomal dominant

Question 36

What distinguishes neutrophils on a slide?

Answer 36

multi-lobed nucleus stained dark purple | faintly stained cytoplasm

Question 37

What is the hematocrit?

Answer 37

volume of red blood cells; PCV

Question 38

Which wbc is largest?

Answer 38

monocytes

Question 39

What do basophils do?

Answer 39

bind antigen-IgE complex Key allergy leukocyte! release vasoactive agents --> anaphylaxis/allergic rxns

Question 40

What can cause jaundice?

Answer 40

destruction of circulating erythrocytes

Question 41

What distinguishes lymphocytes by looking at them?

Answer 41

intense purple staining with large nucleus | thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasm

Question 42

What do eosinophils do?

Answer 42

release arylsulfatase and histaminase phagocytose antigen-Ab complexes increase in parasitic infections involved in chronic inflammation and a little bit in allergis

Question 43

What is glycophorin C

Answer 43

an integral membrane protein of erythrocytes attaches cytoskeletal network to cell membrane interacts with band 4.1 complex!!

Question 44

What are gamma globulins?

Answer 44

immonoglobulins; found in plasma; functional immune system molecules

Question 45

What distinguishes basophils by looking at them?

Answer 45

very purple stained granules that obscure lobed nucleus

Question 46

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 46

``` function in acute inflammation/injury drawn to tissue in and out of bloodstream --> release granules w/ enzymes to kill stuff and ingest damaged tissue ```

Question 47

What can lead to decreased RBC production?

Answer 47

dont get enough Fe, B12, or folic acid in diet

Question 48

What do tertiary granules contain?

Answer 48

(two types) phosphatases metalloproteinases (facilitate migration through CT)

Question 49

What is an erythrocyte's lifespan

Answer 49

~120 days

Question 50

What do azurophilic granules contain?

Answer 50

lysosomes w/ myeloperoxidase

Question 51

What are reticulocytes?

Answer 51

immature RBCs released from bone marrow | haven't shed all of nuclear material and organelles yet

Question 52

What is hemostasis?

Answer 52

control of bleeding

Question 53

What two things do platelets release?

Answer 53

serotonin | ADP and thromboxane A2

Question 54

What is spectrin?

Answer 54

alpha and beta spectrin heterodimer | cytoskeleton protein in RBcs

Question 55

What do ADP and thromboxane A2 do?

Answer 55

increase aggregation of platelets to form primary hemostatic plug

Question 56

What is the normal percentage of plasma in the blood?

Answer 56

~55% plasma

Question 57

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

Answer 57

T cells B cells Natrual killer (NK) cells (only one that can be distiguished on smear)

Question 58

What do specific granules contain?

Answer 58

enzymes, complement activators, and antimicrobial peptides

Question 59

What are the granules in neutrophils?

Answer 59

azurophilic specific tertiary

Question 60

What is defective in hereditary elliptocytosis?

Answer 60

spectrin to spectrin lateral bonds and spectrin -ankyrin and band 4.1 junctions are defective --> membrane can't rebound after hit --> elliptical cells --> hemolysis!