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MCM > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

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2
Q

What detects anemia?

What are most anemias caused by?

A

low hemoglobin

hemorrhage, insufficient production, or accelerated destruction of rbcs

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3
Q

What is the normal percentage of erythrocytes in the blood?

A

39-50% for males

35-45% for females

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4
Q

How long do reticulocytes take to mature?

A

24-48 hours

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5
Q

What is the basic way fibrin is made?

A

Fgn chains –> monomers –> polymerize to fibers –> cross link to form impermeable net to prevent blood loss
fibrin = insoluble

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6
Q

What is serum?

A

plasma without clotting factors

important for running lab tests!

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7
Q

What is band 3 protein?

A

integral membrane protein of erythrocytes

binds hemoglobin and is an anchor site for ankyrin protein complex

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8
Q

What distinguishes eosinophils by looking at them?

A

bi-lobed nuclei
very pink staining
large and elongated granules

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9
Q

How long does it take sickled red blood cells to break down?

A

~20 days

compared to 120 days for normal rbc

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10
Q

Which lymphocytes form and differentiate in bone marrow? what do they do?

A

B cells

turn into plasma cells –> antibodies

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11
Q

What are the basic plasma proteins?

A

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

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12
Q

What cells are granulocytes?

A

give me all the feels!

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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13
Q

What does band 4.1 protein complex do?

A

anchors spectrin –> interacts w/ glycophorin C

S4G

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14
Q

Which lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus and are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells

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15
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

accelerated destruction of rbcs

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16
Q

What is the ankyrin protein complex made of?

A

ankyrin + band 4.2 protein

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17
Q

What anchors spectrin?

A

Band 4.1 complex and ankyrin complex

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18
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

largest plasma protein (340 kDa); made in liver
turns into fibrin
soluble!

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19
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

osmotic pressure on vessel walls

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20
Q

How is hereditary elliptocytosis genetically passed?

A

autosomal dominant

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21
Q

What does the ankyrin protein complex do?

A

anchors spectrin –> interacts w/ band 3

SA3

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22
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

programmed to kill virus-infected and tumor cells

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23
Q

Where are erythrocytes phagocytosed?

A

spleen
bone marrow
liver

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24
Q

What does serotonin do in bloodstream?

A

vasoconstrictor: causes smooth muscle contraction –> less blood flow at injury –

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25
Q

What are alpha and beta globulins

A

non-immune globulins in plasma; maintain osm. pressure and act as carrier proteins

26
Q

What is albumin and what is its function?

A

main protein in plasma; made in liver
makes concentration gradient btw blood and EC tissue fluid
source of colloid osmotic pressure
carrier protein

27
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

liquid extracellular material
92% water
7% proteins
1% other solutes (electrolytes, blood gas, waste products)

28
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

small fragments of megakaryocytes
membrane-bound pieces of cytoplasm
also known as platelets
provide surface for conversion of fgn –> fibrin

29
Q

What do monocytes look like?

A

indented, heart-shaped nucleus

small, barely recognizable granules

30
Q

What happens in hereditary spherocytosis?

A

ankyrin complex is messed up –> defective anchor points –> membrane detaches and peels off –> spherical RBCs
Causes hemolysis!!!

31
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

turn into phagocytes in tissues

inflammation: monocyte leaves vasculature –> macrophage –> phagocytosis

32
Q

How does band 3 protein exist?

A

as a dimer

33
Q

What is the “buffy coat” in a blood sample?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

only 1% of blood volume

34
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

single-point mutation in beta globulin chain of hemoglobin A

Glu—>val

35
Q

How is hereditary spherocytosis genetically passed?

A

autosomal dominant

36
Q

What distinguishes neutrophils on a slide?

A

multi-lobed nucleus stained dark purple

faintly stained cytoplasm

37
Q

What is the hematocrit?

A

volume of red blood cells; PCV

38
Q

Which wbc is largest?

A

monocytes

39
Q

What do basophils do?

A

bind antigen-IgE complex
Key allergy leukocyte!
release vasoactive agents –> anaphylaxis/allergic rxns

40
Q

What can cause jaundice?

A

destruction of circulating erythrocytes

41
Q

What distinguishes lymphocytes by looking at them?

A

intense purple staining with large nucleus

thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasm

42
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

release arylsulfatase and histaminase
phagocytose antigen-Ab complexes
increase in parasitic infections
involved in chronic inflammation and a little bit in allergis

43
Q

What is glycophorin C

A

an integral membrane protein of erythrocytes
attaches cytoskeletal network to cell membrane
interacts with band 4.1 complex!!

44
Q

What are gamma globulins?

A

immonoglobulins; found in plasma; functional immune system molecules

45
Q

What distinguishes basophils by looking at them?

A

very purple stained granules that obscure lobed nucleus

46
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A 
function in acute inflammation/injury
drawn to tissue in and out of bloodstream --> release granules w/ enzymes to kill stuff and ingest damaged tissue
47
Q

What can lead to decreased RBC production?

A

dont get enough Fe, B12, or folic acid in diet

48
Q

What do tertiary granules contain?

A

(two types)
phosphatases
metalloproteinases (facilitate migration through CT)

49
Q

What is an erythrocyte’s lifespan

A

~120 days

50
Q

What do azurophilic granules contain?

A

lysosomes w/ myeloperoxidase

51
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

immature RBCs released from bone marrow

haven’t shed all of nuclear material and organelles yet

52
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

control of bleeding

53
Q

What two things do platelets release?

A

serotonin

ADP and thromboxane A2

54
Q

What is spectrin?

A

alpha and beta spectrin heterodimer

cytoskeleton protein in RBcs

55
Q

What do ADP and thromboxane A2 do?

A

increase aggregation of platelets to form primary hemostatic plug

56
Q

What is the normal percentage of plasma in the blood?

A

~55% plasma

57
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells
B cells
Natrual killer (NK) cells (only one that can be distiguished on smear)

58
Q

What do specific granules contain?

A

enzymes, complement activators, and antimicrobial peptides

59
Q

What are the granules in neutrophils?

A

azurophilic
specific
tertiary

60
Q

What is defective in hereditary elliptocytosis?

A

spectrin to spectrin lateral bonds and spectrin -ankyrin and band 4.1 junctions are defective –> membrane can’t rebound after hit –> elliptical cells –> hemolysis!

MCM (14 decks)

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