Stem Cells Flashcards
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Totipotent
Generate all the tissues of the embryo and extra-embryonic tissues, such as the placenta. (zygote, fertilized ovum) Embryonic stem cell
Pluripotent
Generate cells all three germ layers but not the extra-embryonic tissues. (embryonic stem cells). Embryonic stem cell
Multipotent
Ability to differentiate into multi-lineages but not all germ layers (mesenchymal stem cells). Adult stem cell
Unipotent
ability to differentiate along only one lineage. (most adult stem cells in differentiated undamaged tissues, in normal conditions). Adult stem cell
Allogeneic
Take from an individual and return to a different person
Autologous
Take from an individual and return to the same person
What are the possible origins for adult SC?
Autologous or allogeneic
What are the origins of Embryonic SC?
Allogeneic
What are the expansion prospects of adult SC?
Poor
What are the expansion prospects for embryonic SC?
Limitless(?)
What are the differentiation prospects of Adult SC?
Limited lineages
What are the differentiation prospects of Embryonic SC?
All cells in the body
What are the ethical considerations of Adult and Embryonic SC?
adult - few
Embryonic - Pro-life concerns
How are iPS cells achieved?
By introducing 4 stem cell master regulatory genes and reprogramming the differentiated cell. Efficiency improved by the addition of Nanog and LIN28
How is somatic cell nuclear transplantation achieved?
Through enucleating an egg or oocyte and replacing with the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell
Efficiency ____ as the donor cell becomes more differenciated
decreases
What is therapeutic cloning?
produces patient-specific replacement tissues
What are some uses for cloning?
Could be used for basic research, drug testing, toxicology, drug discovery and therapy
_______ stem cells (HSCs) are bone marrow transplants.. What are they used for?
-Hematopoietic
-Blood and immune system replacement, NOT tissues: Leukaemia, sickle cell anaemia etc.
What are some downsides of iPS cells?
Have the potential for oncogenesis (becoming cancerous) and the potential of non-differentiated cells to form teratomas
