Plants Flashcards
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What stresses do plants have to survive due to being sedentary?
Frost, Drought, Pathogenesis and Salinity
What is differential gene expression?
where only a fraction of the genetic information present in a particular cell is expressed at any one time
What is constitutive gene expression?
Where expression is taking place in all cells at all times
What might affect gene expression?
Spatial factors (different cells and tissues), Temporal factors (particular times), Environmental factors (drought, light etc.)
How are proteins studied in gene expression?
All proteins have a different characteristic surface charge.. based on the amino acids present. Can separate the proteins by their charge on electrophoresis gel. intensity of spots can be compared.
How is the detection of specific mRNAs studied in gene expression?
Sequence the transcriptome: into cDNA (copy) of RNA and monitor abundance of transcription in different tissues and environments
How is bacterial beta-glucuronidase used for visualising transcription?
-A reporter gene turns a colourless substrate into a blue product in plants when submerged in solution.
-swap the coding gene with a reporter-coding sequence (beta-glucuronidase coding gene)
What is a promoter gene?
It is not a coding sequence, a regulatory switch gene for coding
What is CAB?
Gene encoding major chlorophyll a/b-binding protein
What are touch-induced genes?
Genes that rapidly express after mechanical stimulation, such as a sheep walking by or wind. This shortens and strengthens the stem to protect itself.
What is the best plant for molecular genetic research?
Arabidopsis thaliana
-lots of seeds
-grows fast
-self-fertile and can be crossed
-easy to produce mutants.
-has 5 homologous pairs of chromosomes
-Related to Brassica species (broccoli and rape) and is applicable to cereals
What is a floral dip?
Transform flowers to have mutation by dipping flowers into agrobacterium solution so they are infected
What is an example of how Arabidopsis thaliana has been used to improve crops.
Preventing premature seed release in oilseed rape.
Plant growth and development are …
Indeterminate. They are not limited in lifespan or to a particular size.
What is Kwashiorkor ?
A deficiency in protein
What is hidden hunger?
mineral deficiency
Why is wheat an effective crop?
easily harvested, transported and stored. High calorie
What are the properties of gluten?
Viscoelastic and adhesive
Traits of bread wheat
Bread wheat has 42 chromosomes, hexaploid.
Traits of rice
2 kinds of rice: Japonica, Indica. Rice is diploid, 24 chromosomes. Linking traits with SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism). Long storage life.
How is Rice cultivated?
Paddy fields:
-intensive work
-Natural weed control (water)
-Natural fertilisation (Azolla water firm has N2 fixing cyanobacteria)
Dryland cultivation:
-easy sowing and harvest
-Needs herbicides
-Needs fertiliser
Animal growth and development are usually..
Determinate. (fixed in scale and time)
Plant growth is..
modular… follows patterns that are repeated over and over again
