Stem cells Flashcards
stem cells
undifferiated cells that have the abilty to differientate into specialised cell
found in embryo or bone marrow
characterisitcs of stem cells
can divide and renew themselves
unspecalised-no function
they have the potienteak to become specialised eg. muscle and blood cells
importance of stem cells
stem cells grow into new cells and can differiante into differnet organs that make up the body
importance of stem cells for scientists
recreate human organs that can used for organ transplnaation
2 main Properties of stem cells
self renweal
potency-can differinate into differnet cells
Types of stem cells and examples of olgi potent and unipotent
totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent-
olgipotent-myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
unipotent-Large granula lymphocyte
Totipotent stem cell and example
stem cell that can differiante into any cell type
an example of a totipototent cell is Zygote whichcan differentiate into any of the cells required to produce a foetus
Pluripotent and example
stem cells that can differeiante into mutiple types of cells
eg.Embryonic stem cells can differntiate into three germ layers (mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm
Multipotent
stem cells that can only differinated into related family cells
eg. Stem cells in the bone marrow can only differntiate into types of blood cells (red, White and platelets) or a blastocyst
Olgipotent
stem cell that can differienate to few differnet cells
uni potent
can only produce into one type of cell
what kind of stem cell is a cell that belong tothe same group of cells,
mutlipotent stem cell
mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm are called whatand come from what kind of stem cells
germ layers and pluripotent stem cells
what are the Three germ layers that arise within the inner mass of a pluripotent stem cell:
Ectoderm – forms the skin, hair, nervous system, eyes
Mesoderm – forms muscles, cartilage, blood, bones
Endoderm – forms the lungs, digestive system, bladder and other organs.
how do stem cells divide
mitosis
why are all of our cells different if they have the same genetic information in their nucleus/ways that genes can be switched off
they synthesize and accumulate different sets of RNA and protein molecules.
potency of a cell waht is
abilty for the cell to differiante
stem cell therapy
promotes the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. It
what kind of stem cells are zona pellucida, zygote, merula, blastocyt, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
zona pelluica, zyogte and merula are totipotnet
blasocyte is pluripotent
germ layers including ectoderm, endoterm and mesoderm are pluripotent
stages that stem cells goes thorugh
TMPOU
Toti potent
multipotent
Pluripotent
olgipotent
unipotent
steps of embyro development
Fertilization → Zygote → Cleavage → Morula → Blastula → Gastrula.
what kind of stem cell is a blastocyst
pluripotent stem cell
why are cells small
-large surface area to volume ration;
more substances be transported and enter and exit the cell faster
more waste and nutrients can be released/abosrded
what are the two characteristics of stem cells
potency-stem cells have the potiental to become differienated which means that they can differiante and develop into liver cells
self renewal-
Plastids and types of plastids
contain pigments used in photosynthesis and produce and store food
The three types of plastidsare Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts and Leucoplasts.
function of Leucoplasts, chromoplast and chloroplast
Leucoplasts stores starch and oils, chomoplasts contains pigments toehr than green, chlorplasts are site of phototnesythsis
what is the stage between nuclear division and the stage of acutal nuclear division
stage between nuclear division is interphase whereas the stage of actual nuclear diviosn is mitosis
Extrinsic factors of apoptosis vs instrinsic factors of apoptosiis
Extrinsic factors of apoptosis are mild cell injury or damage to cell membrane
Instrinsic factors of apopotsis are viral infections or DNA damage
where do totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and unipotent stemm cells come from/derived from
Toti potent cells come from sperm and egg
mutlipotent cells can come from bone marrow
pluripotent cells come from blastocytes
unipotnet stem cells come from mutlipotent stem cells
The number of cancer cells within the tissue is
rapidly increasing. This increase in the number
of cancer cells can be explained by
impaired signalling from death receptors located on the membrane of the cancer cells.
