Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycle

Question 1

Steps of binary fission

Answer 1

.DNA replication- DNA, chromosomes and plasmids mutiple

Elongation-doubles in length and the duplicated DNA moves to opposite ends of the cell

Septum forms between the cells, cell undergoes cytokinesis and pulls in the cell membrane and cell wall

CYTOKINESIS-
2 new cell walls and membrane are formed in centre of the cell

Question 2

cytokinesis

Answer 2

when the cytoplasm divides into two and 2 seperaet cells form

Question 3

mitosis

Answer 3

Separation of sister chromatids and the formation of two nuclei

Question 4

Interphase

Answer 4

Synthesis of DNA, organelles and proteins needed for replication

Question 5

Stages of mitosis

Answer 5

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 6

prophase-what happens to nuclear envelop, what happens to chromatin and what do centrioles produce and where do they move to

Answer 6

Nuclear envelope starts to disappear
Chromatin condenses
centrioles produce from spinlde fibres and migrate to oppostire sides of the cell

contains 46 chromosomes and chromatids

Question 7

Telophase- what do chorosmomes do, what forms, what happens to chromatin, what happens to nuclear envelope and what other process occurs and how many chromaitds are there during this phase

Answer 7

chromosomes cluster on opposite sides of the cell and two sepereate nucleus form

chromatin become visible no longer an x shape)

Nuclear envelope reappereaa

cytokinesis happens

clevage burrow forms

contains 92 chromatids

Question 8

How many chromosomes are there in a cell after mitosis is completed(after telophase)

Answer 8

46 chromosomes and 92 chromatids

Question 9

is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction

Answer 9

both

Question 10

When a complete chromsome(shaped as an x) spilts into two, what is it now called

Answer 10

chromatid

Question 11

How many chromotids in a chromsoem

Answer 11

2 chromatids

Question 12

how many chromatids in 2 chromosome

Answer 12

4 chromatids

Question 13

centromere

Answer 13

holds the chromatids together

Question 14

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle

Answer 14

interphase

Question 15

3 sub phases of interphase

Answer 15

Gap 1(G1)
Sythensis phase(S phase)
Gap 2(G2)

G0 (resting phase) if further cell replication is not required

Question 16

What is mitosis required for/ the purpose of cell division is

Answer 16

replacement of damaged cells in muticelluar eukaryotic organsims

Question 17

what is the G1 phase involved in, what is being duplicated, what happens to the volume of cytsol in the G1 phase, why are proteins created in the G1 phase, why are orangalles replicated in the G1 phase,

Answer 17

Involved in the growth of a cell

all cells are duplicated besides chromsomes

volume of cystol increases

Proteins are created for DNA replication

organelles are replicated to prepare for replication

Question 18

G1 phase

Answer 18

process to make the cell complete again and duplication of celluar contents besides chromsomes

Question 19

G2 phase

Answer 19

monitors DNA duplications for growth and preparation for mitosis

Question 20

G0 phase andexamples

Answer 20

phase of cell cycle where cell is not dividing or being prepared to mutiple

eg.brain cells or heart cells

Question 21

What kind of cells are in the G0 phase, what are cells like and do in the G0 phase and some cells in this phase are what

Answer 21

cells that are not going to be duplicated are in the G0 phase

The cells in the G0 phase are dormant and can re enter the cell cycle eg. liver and regenerating

Some cells in this phase f damaged cannot be replaced or repaired(terminally deferinated)

Question 22

S Phase

Answer 22

involved in the synthesis and replication of dna to produce two identical sister DNA chromatids

Question 23

How are sister chromatids held togehter

Answer 23

centromere

Question 24

somatic cells

Answer 24

cells in the body that are constantly regenerating (excludin sperm and egg)

Question 25

Somatic cells in humans are what

Answer 25

diploid(two sets of chrosomomes)

Question 26

sister chrosomes are regarded as

Answer 26

a single chromosome which spereate in mitosis

Question 27

Is G2 phase the first or final stage of interphase, what do cells do for mitosis in G2, what happens to the volume of cytsoll and what is synthesised

Answer 27

final stage of interphase cell grows and prepares for mitossi volume of cytosl increases proteins required for mitosis are sythensised

Question 28

What does prophase do to form chrosomes, what happens to the nucleus

Answer 28

Chromatin condenses to form distinct chromosomes and nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 29

METAPHASE-What happens to sister chromatids and chrosomes in metaphase

Answer 29

Spindle fibres fully form and attach to the centromere of each sister chromatid sister chromatids align along the equator

Question 30

ANAPHASE-what happens to sister chromatids in anaphase and what forms annd what spilts

Answer 30

Sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibres from the centromere to opposite sides of the cell DNA spilts

Question 31

What happens to nuclear membrane and spindle fibres and chromatin in telophase

Answer 31

Two nuclear membrane forms Spindle fibres disintegrate chromosomes decondense.

Question 32

Difference of cytokinesis in animals and plants

Answer 32

in the cytokinesis of animals Cleavage furrow develops and pinches the plasma membrane into two cells in the cytookensis of plantsA cell plate first forms before separating into two cells

Question 33

Why do the 3 checkpoints/phases occur and what happens if errors are detected

Answer 33

occur for the cell to inspect for any errors before proceeding to the next stage. If errors are detected, repair or apoptosis may result.

Question 34

Diploid

Answer 34

2 sets of chromosomes in a orgnaisms cell(46 chroomes total)

Question 35

haploid

Answer 35

single set of DNA in organisms cell that contains 23 chroosmes

Question 36

Where is a hapeloid found

Answer 36

in a gamete

Question 37

terminus

Answer 37

the end of the DNA

Question 38

homologous chrosomem

Answer 38

a pair of chromosomes, with exact same DNA howeverv one chrosome is maternal and another paternal

Question 39

function of centromere

Answer 39

holds together the sister chromatids

Question 40

In what stages is the nucleus visible and invisble

Answer 40

in prophase nucleus is visible but at the end of prohpahse it is invisible In telophase nucleus becomesvisible

Question 41

what do centrioles do

Answer 41

produce spindle fibres

Question 42

what do spindle fibres do

Answer 42

they pull the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

Question 43

how many chromsomes in the nucleus

Answer 43

46 chromsomes

Question 44

What two process occur during interphase and are required for mitosis ot take place

Answer 44

growth and replication

Question 45

Why are roots good for studying the cell cycle

Answer 45

at any given time, you can find cells that are undergoing mitosis.

Question 46

In what stage do chroems disperse and are no longer visible under light micoscroe

Answer 46

metaphase

Question 47

In what phase does DNA duplicate to prepare for mitosis

Answer 47

S phase

Question 48

How long does it take for mitosis to complete?

Answer 48

mitosis and cytokinesis last only about an hour, 95% of cell cycle is in interphase

Question 49

Why will most of the cells you view be in interphase

Answer 49

Cell growth, DNA sythensis and replication of choromes takes place

Question 50

difference purspoes of mitosis in eukaryotes single celled vs mutlicelluar eukaryotes

Answer 50

in single celled eukayrotes the purpose of mitosis is reproudction whilst in mutlicelluar eukaryotes it is growth and repair of tissues

Question 51

what kind are pairs are chromomes in, how main pairs in humans and are the chromsomes linear or ciruclar and what are they composed of

Answer 51

homologous pair, 23 pairs in humans and are linear and chromsomes are made of chromatin

Question 52

kinetochore

Answer 52

A kinetochore is the patch of protein found on the centromere of each chromatid. It is where the chromatids are tightly connected.

Question 53

when does Endoplamsic reicutlum and ribsomes get produced, and how does mitochondria and chorlpast priduce

Answer 53

during G1 phase and G2 phase of interphase mitchondria nad chloroplasts produce through binary fission, independelty of mitosis

Question 54

when do spindle fibres shorten

Answer 54

metaphase

Question 55

telophase

Answer 55

chromatin decondenses nucela envelope starts to reappear clevaeg furrow forms 2 new cells walls and cell membranes found cell undergoes cytokinesis