DNA structure/replication

Question 1

nucleic acid

Answer 1

large, linear polymers that form when nucleotides bond together.

Question 2

Types of nucleic acid

Answer 2

DNA AND RNA

Question 3

differences of RNA and DNA

Answer 3

RNA contains one more oxygen than DNA

the 5 carbon sugar is called ribose in RNA and called deoxyribose in DNA

Bases of DNA: GACT
Bases of RNA: GACU

RNA is single stranded and short whilst DNA is double stranded and long

Question 4

double helix

Answer 4

a DNA molecule composed of 2 polymer strands that twist to form a helix shape

Question 5

What is DNA made up of

Answer 5

nucleotides

Question 6

What 3 chemical components do nucleotides in contain

Answer 6

Nitrogenous base
phosphate
5 carbon pentose sugar

Question 7

How does DNA have a negaitve charge

Answer 7

nucelotides contain phosphate groups which have a negative charge

Question 8

Types of nitrogen bases in DNA

Answer 8

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

Question 9

what is the first carbon of a pentose sugar attached to

Answer 9

nitrogen base

Question 10

what is the 5th carbon of a pentose sugar attached to

Answer 10

phosphate group

Question 11

How are the nitrogen bases -adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine arranged

Answer 11

adenine and thymine-guanine and cytosine are arranged complementary and antiparallel to each other

Question 12

what does DNA form into

Answer 12

a double helix

Question 13

What does Adenine bind with

Answer 13

Thymine

Question 14

What does guanine bind with

Answer 14

cytosine

Question 15

nucleotide

Answer 15

a monomer that makes up a large molecule of DNA

Question 16

monomer

Answer 16

a molecule that can be bonded to another molecule to form a polymer

Question 17

condensation polymerisation

Answer 17

is the reaction that occurs when nucleotides bond together to form a phosphodiester bond

Question 18

phosphodiester bond

Answer 18

term used to describe the bonding of multiple nucleotides

Question 19

when mutiple nucleotides bind together, the bond between them is called

Answer 19

a phophodieste rbond

Question 20

what links nucleotides

Answer 20

condensation polymerisation

Question 21

Steps of DNA replication

Answer 21

1.replication fork formation
2.Primer binding
3. elongation
4. Termination

Question 22

Replication fork formation

Answer 22

dna helicase spilts DNA into two seperate strands

Question 23

What direction can DNA only replicate in

Answer 23

the 3 to 5 primer direction

Question 24

Primer binding

Answer 24

when primase binds to the 3’ end of the DNA strand

Question 25

what creates primers

Answer 25

DNA primase

Question 26

difference between lagging and leading strand

Answer 26

the lagging strand replicates discontinuously forming short fragments, whereas the leading strand replicates continuously

Question 27

primase

Answer 27

creates primers during celluar DNA replication

Question 28

what does DNA polymerase III do in lagging strand

Answer 28

synthesis the leading strand and Okazaki fragments

Question 29

DNA polymerase III

Answer 29

duplicates chromosomal DNA

Question 30

Termination(in DNA replication)

Answer 30

enzymes remove all primers from the original strands and replaces them with nitrogenous bases

Question 31

what does ligase do

Answer 31

joins fragments of newly synthesized proteins(but if asked abt DNA replication should say that is joins the okazki fragments)

Question 32

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 32

discontinuous short sequences of DNA nucleotides

Question 33

why do we call the lagging strand the lagging strand

Answer 33

the replication of the lagging strand is delayed compared to the leading strand

Question 34

types of pentose sugar in nucleotides

Answer 34

deoxyribose(found in DNA) ribose(found in RNA)

Question 35

how does the lagging strand become a perfect DNA strand

Answer 35

DNA polumease 1 cuts out the primers and replicates themwith DNA nucleotides.

Question 36

where does DNA replication begin

Answer 36

beginning of orgin of replication(oriC)

Question 37

where does DNA replication proceed towards/end

Answer 37

the terminus

Question 38

Why do cells replicate

Answer 38

growth and development maintenance of cells and repair and replacmement of damaged cells reproduction-

Question 39

what does it mean when you see word condensaiton

Answer 39

water will be produced

Question 40

what carbon is attached to the phosphate and what carbon is attached to the sugar molecule and what carbon is attached to the nitrogen base

Answer 40

carbon 5 is attached to the pentose sugar and phosphate group Carbon 1 is attached to the nitrogen base

Question 41

How many bonds does A and T have How many bonds does C and G have

Answer 41

A and T has 2 hydrogen bonds C and G has 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 42

What does the base 'U' that replaces T stand for in RNA

Answer 42

Uracil

Question 43

What happens when phosphate group at carbon 5’ of one nucleotide bonds with the with hydroxyl group at carbon 3’ of the neighbouring nucleotide in the strand

Answer 43

a phosphodiester bond is formed and a molecule of water is released -

Question 44

types of rna

Answer 44

Trna-transfer rna bring amino acids to ribsomes Rrna-ribsomal rna makes up the ribsome Mrna-is a copy of dna

Question 45

all functions of DNA

Answer 45

sends out insturctions to make proteins contains the genetic material for growth and reproduction Controlsall cells functions

Question 46

DNA polymerase 1

Answer 46

DNA polymerase 1 cuts out the primers and replicates them with DNA nucleotides.

Question 47

chromatin

Answer 47

dna wrapped around histones

Question 48

what bonds are broken down when the DNA is unzipped into two strands

Answer 48

hydrogen bonds

Question 49

If the cells didn't go through the g2 phase

Answer 49

they may lead to genetic issues, mutations, cancer and apopsotisis