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BMS3 > Stem Cell Biology > Flashcards

Stem Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

1892, stem cells are in between..

A

fertilised egg and committed germ cells

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2
Q

Stem cells have the potential to..

A

generate specialised tissue

copy themselves

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3
Q

Stem cells can be classified by: (3)

A

Age
Tissue of origin
Potency

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4
Q

Totipotent cells can..

A

produce all cell types of the body including throphoblast (placenta)

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5
Q

Multipotent cells can..

A

produce cell types specific to an organ or tissue

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6
Q

Pluripotent cells can..

A

produce cell types derived from the 3 germ layers

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7
Q

stem cells have a … cell cycle until…

A

Stem cells have a slow cell cycle until they become multipotent/restricted progenitors

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8
Q

External signals cause stem cells to..

A

speed up their cell cycle and differentiate into transit amplifying cells.

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9
Q

Stem cells expanded from a donor are called..

A

allogeneic stem cells

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10
Q

Autologous stem cells are..

A

from the same patient

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11
Q

As well as being used in therapies themselves, stem cells can also be used to..

A

Model new drugs

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12
Q

Teratomas are tumours which..

A

are non-invasive and contain multiple tissue types

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13
Q

Teratomas are produced from..

A

a single germ cell - from adult testes/ovaries

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14
Q

A single cell from a teratoma produced…when transplanted into another animal. This shows…

A

another teratoma. Shows that the cells are multipotent. They were termed embryonic carcinoma cells. They resemble pluripotent cells of blastocysts

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15
Q

ES cells have features of: (7)

A 
Derivation from inner cell mass.
Non-transformed.
Indefinite proliferation/pluripotency.
Stable diploid karyotype.
Clonogenic
Can be incorporated into chimeras
Can be genetically manipulated
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16
Q

Functional assay for pluripotency

A

Transplant/inject cells into adult and teratomas form

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17
Q

In … the first ES cells isolated was from..

A

1981 from pre-implantation mice blastocysts. They formed embryos in vivo.

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18
Q

Stem cells grow with a layer of … which produce..

A

Feeder cells (carpet of fibroblasts) producing LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor).

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19
Q

When LIF binds to its receptor, it causes transduction of..

A

Activation of G protein 130.
Activation of JAK.
Production of STAT3.
Causes pluripotency and self renewal.

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20
Q

Without LIF, what pathways are used

A

Absence of LIF activated the ERK pathway through SH2. This inhibits STAT3 so causes proliferation and differentiation.

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21
Q

For LIF to cause pluripotency or differentiation, it needs..

A

to be in serum.

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22
Q

LIF alone is insufficient for..

A

maintaining self renewal and blocking of differentiation

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23
Q

Factors in serum that LIF needs are:

A

BMPs

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24
Q

BMPs cause..

A

Smad and Id production, activating mesoderm and endoderm differentiation and blocking neuroectoderm differentiation.

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25
Q

STAT3 inhibits..

A

meso/endoderm fates and Smad

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26
Q

LIF and BMP work together by..

A

inhibiting meso/endo and neuroectoderm to sustain renewal

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27
Q

Mice ES colonies are … and … in appearance

A

Small and dome shaped

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28
Q

Human ES cells look

A

flat and defined

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29
Q

What is the human equivalence of LIFr-gp130

A

FGF2 and Activin-Nodal signalling

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30
Q

Mice and human ES cells have different: (3)

A

cell cycle and death rates.
LIFr and FGF2.
Surface antigens

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31
Q

Human ESC surface antigens are..

A

SSEA3, SSEA4 and TRA160

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32
Q

The only surface antigen mice have is..

A

SSEA1

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33
Q

Mice ESC renewal is dependent on LIF and..

A

ERK1 inhibitor

GSK3b inhibitor

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34
Q

Human epiblasts develop … before …

A

quickly before implantation of the embryo

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35
Q

Mice epiblasts are what shape.. When do they develop?

A

tubular. They develop later than human epiblasts, after implantation

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36
Q

The 2 states of ES cell are:

A

Naive

Primed

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37
Q

Naive ES cell features are..(4)

A

collected pre-implantation.
mouse ES like.
inner cell mass-like.
dome-shaped colonies.

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38
Q

Naive ES cells use Oct4..

A

distal enhancer

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39
Q

Primed ES cell features are..

A

collected post-implantation.
mouse epiblastic-like.
flat colonies.

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40
Q

Primed ES cells use OCt4..

A

proximal enhancer

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41
Q

Naive ES cells are better for..

A

understanding pluripotency and genetic modifications

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42
Q

Pluripotency stages are defined by..

A

a set of transcription factors expressed together in a careful balance

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43
Q

Transcription factors of pluripotency are:

A

Nanog
Oct4
Sox2

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44
Q

Transcription factors of pluripotency are all …. amino acids long and contain different …

A

300-350 amino acids long. They contain homeodomains

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45
Q

Sox2 has … for interactions with proteins

A

high motility groups (hmg)

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46
Q

Oct4 is the founding member of what family

A

POU transcription factor family

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47
Q

Oct4 is essential for … Upregulation causes … Normal levels cause … and low levels cause…

A

pluripotency.
Extra-embryonic endoderm and mesoderm.
Production of more ESCs.
Production of trophoectoderm.

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48
Q

hES were successfully obtained from an..

A

IVF generated human blastocyst. Induced teratomas in immunodeficient mice

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49
Q

Naive human ES cells cannot be captured as..

A

the time window is very short. Instead, primed ES cells have been undifferentiated

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50
Q

Human primed ES cells have been undifferentiated by inducing expression of Oct4 by what factors.. consisting of..

A

NHSM - LIF, TGFb1, FGF2, ERK1, GSK3, p38i, JNKi

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51
Q

NHSM factors cause primed ES cells to express..

A

pluripotency markers

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52
Q

Oct4 is expressed by different promoters in …and… ES cells.

A

naive and primed

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53
Q

Mouse epiblast SCs are characterised by low expression of pluripotency related genes:

A

Nanog, Rex2 and Klf4

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54
Q

naive human cells are more capable of growing as..

A

single cell clones with a shorter doubling time - good for scaling up production

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55
Q

Oct3/4 works in a …. with Cdx2 to..

A

reciprocal loop. represses trophoblast differentiation

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56
Q

Sox2 is needed in the..

A

early epiblast

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57
Q

without sox2, embryos fails to..

A

generate an epiblast, the embryo collapses

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58
Q

Both oct4 and sox2 are required together to..

A

form epiblast

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59
Q

Nanog is essential for…and was identified in 2 different experiments:

A

self renewal.

Seen by in silico screen and functional screen.

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60
Q

Self renewal with Nanog was observed in the presence and absence of LIF in ….. screens

A

In silico and functional

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61
Q

Nanog knockouts in ESCs show..

A

loss of Oct 4-pluripotency and differentiation into extra embryonic endoderm (completely).

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62
Q

When Nanog is overexpressed, what is not required?

A

LIF and BMPs

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63
Q

Pluripotent SCs show … of gene expression in populations

A

heterogeneity

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64
Q

Heterogeneity of pluripotent SCs was seen by tagging … with GFP, FACS and culturing cells. What was seen?

A

Nanog enhancers. After cells are cultured for 6 days, GFP+ and GFP- lines change.

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65
Q

Cells express certain amounts of .. and .. during different levels of commitment (for differentiation)

A

SSEA3 and TRA160

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66
Q

ESCs are triggered to differentiate in vitro (plastic without charge) by..

A

removing extrinsic conditions of self renewal

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67
Q

When ESCs are triggered to differentiate, how do they behave?

A

cells clump together and form aggregates called embryoid bodies

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68
Q

Embryoid bodies resemble..and have..(2)

A

gastrulation and early embryonic development. They show self organisation and axis formation

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69
Q

In vivo and in vitro, … activity is seen in embryoid bodies

A

Wnt activity.

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70
Q

Embryoid bodies are good since… however, there are difficulties controlling..

A

they are cheap to produce and generate 3 germ layers.

their aggregation, shape and size in a reproducible way

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71
Q

To change the shape of embryoid bodies, methods such as …. are used (2)

A 
Hanging drop 
Controlled aggregation (plates with special geometry)
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72
Q

Embryoid bodies spontaneously form 3 different formations:

A 
Cystic
Bright cavity (cavitated)
Dark cavity (dense)
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73
Q

cystic embryoid body structures are best at producing..

A

endoderm

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74
Q

bright cavity embryoid body structures show the best..and is the closest formation of..

A

organisation of the 3 germ layers, formation of a real embryo

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75
Q

dark cavity embryoid body structures show..

A

good production of the 3 germ layers

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76
Q

Oct3/4 causes expression of … and repression of…

A

activated expression of transcription factors such as Rox1.

Suppresses expression of Zfp42

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77
Q

Nanog is thought to suppress … to stop differentiation

A

GATA4/6 - induces extra embryonic endoderm

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78
Q

Nanog expression in the blastocyst is confined to the… Its expression is downregulation during…

A

inner cell mass.

implantation stage

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79
Q

Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog are lineage specifiers and suppress..

A

mutually exclusive fates.

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80
Q

Morphogen gradients influence …. to form specific cell types in embryoid bodies, eg…

A

cell lineage decisions.
Retinoic acid
Shh

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81
Q

Important aspects of growth factors to control during differentiating EBs:

A

Concentration
Time of addition
Substrates cells are grown on (laminin, fibronectin, collagen)

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82
Q

EBs are easier to manipulate during differentiation by…

A

plating cells as monolayers

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83
Q

EBs in cultures end up as a mixture of cell types after differentiation. They are sorted by..

A

their specific cell markers with FACS - (uses density gradients)

84
Q

Polarised Wnt signalling is essential for…

A

primitive streak, antero-posterior polarity and EMT

85
Q

In EBs, polarised Wnt signalling causes..

A

organisation into different germ layers

86
Q

Aggregation kinetics of EBs causes different differentiation. Fast aggregations mediates…. production. Slow mediates…

A

Ectoderm production

Endoderm and mesoderm production

87
Q

Pancreatic islet cells have been grown from ES cells and transplanted into type 1 diabetes patients. Pancreatic patterning involves..(4)

A

Foxa2, Sox17, Pdx1 and Ngn3

88
Q

Pancreatic cells from ESCs were first poor at producing insulin and were more like foetal cells. What improved this?

A

A different staging was invented and transplanted into mice to test functionality and if hormones were produced. Successful but 15% mice developed tumours.

89
Q

Methods of controlling EB production: (5)

A 
removing self renewal factors.
use non-adherent plates.
growth factors - such as TGFb, bFGF, BMP4, NGF and EGF.
adding stromal cells.
changing shape for consistency.
90
Q

Hanging drop method cannot be used for..(2)

A

hESCs.

Large scale prod of EBs

91
Q

For large scale EB production, what techniques are used?

A

spinning flasks.
rotary cell culture systems.
They promote aggregation - greater EB formation.

92
Q

Mouse ESCs were differented into neurons via EB formation. Sox2 was used with…

A

lacZ/neomycin so cells could be sorted by antibiotic selection

93
Q

Mouse ESCs differentiated into neurons by EBs were determined by..

A

expression of neuronal markers - neurofilament chains MAP2, TAU and B tubulin

94
Q

Producing pancreatic cells from ESCs required:

A

RA, inhibited Hh and Pdx1.
FGF10
Inhibition of Notch, Ngn3, neural TFs

95
Q

Reprogramming SCs was experimented in frogs. An epithelial intestinal cell from albino frog was transplanted into an enucleated egg from green frog. What happened?

A

Eggs were incubated and complete embryos which were formed grew into albino adults.

96
Q

After the green/albino frog experiment, reprogramming was taken to mammals..(what?)

A

Dolly the sheep

97
Q

When reprogramming SCs, the …… allows genes to be de-repressed and undifferentiated

A

environment of the egg

98
Q

The next step after Dolly the sheep is was…

A

Using patient-specific stem cell therapy (aka therapeutic cloning)

99
Q

Reproductive cloning (growing human cells in utero) is..

A

widely banned

100
Q

Yamanaka discovered..

A

Nanog and inducing pluripotent stem cells.

101
Q

Green/albino frog experiment concluded: (2)

A

Genetic material is not lost, it is repressed/silenced.

Silencing can be reversed.

102
Q

Yamanaka looked for genes controlling pluripotency. He knocked in..why?

A

Bgalactosidase and neomycin resistant genes. To select ESCs with fbx15 knocked out

103
Q

Yamanaka introduced 24 candidate genes into mouse embryonic fibroblasts with Fbx15 KO by retroviral transduction. He eventually found:

A

Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc

104
Q

Thomsen’s factors were developed after Yamanaka factors:

A

Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and LIN28 (myc is an oncogene, LIN is an activator of myc)

105
Q

iPSCs have been used to treat sickle cell anaemia in irradiated mice. iPSCs were..

A

differentiated into RBCs without mutation by homologous recombination

106
Q

In iPSC sickle cell anaemia treatment, first … were harvested from mice

A

Tail tip fibroblasts

107
Q

Sickle cell anaemia treatment with iPSCs showed what results in mice?

A

100% mutated haemoglobin to 70% normal haemoglobin over 4 weeks

108
Q

Issues with hESCs: (6)

A

Genomic instability.
Continual supply of high quality embryos needed.
Can form tumours.
Unknown whether they differentiate into full grown adult cell types.
Rejected by immune system.
Ethical issues.

109
Q

iPSCs can still cause immune response by…

A

reprogramming changing the antigen profile of cells.

110
Q

Cells make many decisions on their path of differentiation. Attractors in the landscape are attractive because..

A

there is stability of a particular cell state

111
Q

In an attractor of the landscape, cells can settle on different points on the valley slope. This allows..

A

heterogeneity - cells can transition into different positions

112
Q

epigenetic landscape has been captured by… It produced..

A

3D phase map with differential expression of GATA and PU1. 3 different cell types were produced: high GATA, low GATA, combination of GATA and PU1

113
Q

substates of hESCs were found when … were compared

A

normal hESCs and hESCs which were adapted to being in cell culture. These showed more proliferation.

114
Q

hESC substates are defined by expression of………

A

SSEA3 - SSEA3+ showed more self renewal. SSEA3- still produced colonies
(in adapted h7)

115
Q

SSEA3 expression is turned off when..

A

a cell differentiates

116
Q

In the H7 study, normal hESCs showed:

adapted hESCs showed:

A

Normal showed SSEA3+ cells formed colonies and SSEA3- cells differentiated.
Adapted hESCs showed both SSEA3+/- formed colonies

117
Q

Adapted h7 cells are different to normal h7 cells by:

A

extra chromosome 1.

lack of X chromosome inactivation (sign of naive ESCs).

118
Q

As SCs progress towards the commitment barrier, they lose expression of …. then …

A

SSEA3, then TRA160

119
Q

In culture, RA induces differentiation of ECs, turning off…

A

SSEA3 expression

120
Q

Differentiated ECs by RA produce colonies after 12 days. Each colony had a varied…

A

% of neurons - ranging from 0 - 100

121
Q

When exposure to RA was postponed in ECs, this allowed cells to divide before differentiation. Cells produced… This suggests…

A

more mixed colonies (0-30% neurons). this suggests that SCs have interconvertible neural and non-neural subsets during differentiation

122
Q

Normal h7 SSEA3+ cells expressed..

A

genes associated with undifferentiated state: Nanog, POU, Sox2.

123
Q

Adapted h7 SSEA3- cells expressed..

A

69% of these cells expressed genes of undifferentiated state

124
Q

SSEA3 cells have heterogeneity of..

A

GATA6 expression

125
Q

SSEA3+/low GATA6 formed…

SSEA3-/high GATA6 show…

A

stem cell colonies. 3-/6H did not form colonies

126
Q

When 6H and 6L cells were separated to produce their own colonies….

A

They both regenerated each other’s population.

127
Q

GATA6 expressing subsets showed … in EBs

A

increased expression of endoderm and mesoderm associated genes, and reduced expression of ectoderm genes.

128
Q

Hearing loss affects more than ..% of the population who are over 60

A

50%

129
Q

The 2 sensory cell types in the ear: …… are only produced during…

A

hair cells and auditory neurons are only produced during foetal stages

130
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss accounts for … of cases. It is loss of…

A

90%. Loss of hair cells and neurons

131
Q

Auditory stem cells were isolated from..

A

9-10 week old foetal cochlea (before terminal differentiation)

132
Q

Cochlear SCs expressed typical TFs of cochlear progens:

A

Sox2, Pax2 and GATA3

133
Q

With growth factors, cochlear SCs could express..

A

hair cell TFs: ATOH1 and BRN3C

134
Q

Expansion of cochlear SCs occurred best in a serum-free medium containing…

A

bFGF, EGF and IGF (OSCFM)

135
Q

OSCFM cells expressed otic progenitor markers: … and also pluripotent markers:

A

GATA3 and Sox2.

Oct4 and Nanog.

136
Q

To differentiate OSCFM cells into neurons, genes expressed were…

A

Neurogenin1, POU4F1, Neurofilament200

137
Q

In response to EGF and RA, OSCFM cells differentiated into..shown by..

A

hair cell phenotype.

ATOH1, MYO7A and POU4F3 expression

138
Q

What is needed for otic placode formation? Why?

A

FGF3 and FGF10 produce high levels of Sox2 and Pax8

139
Q

Double ko of FGF3 and FGF10 in mice showed..

A

no otic placode formation

140
Q

Cochlear stem cells + FGF3 and FGF10 produce…which go onto produce…

A 
Otic epithelial progenitors (hOEPs) - hair cells.
Otic neuroprogenitors (hONPs) - spiral ganglions.
141
Q

Proliferative capacity of cochlear SCs plateaus after..

A

20-30 weeks

142
Q

Gerbils have been used to model death of spiral ganglia in deafness by use of chemical and where:

A

ouabain into the round window - induces apoptotic death

143
Q

Otic neuroprogenitors were injected into gerbil cochleas lacking SGN. After 3-5 days, what formed? What did they do?

A

Ectopic ganglia formed and migrated. They formed projections to contact hair cells and the brainstem with functional synapses.

144
Q

Functionality of ganglia formed by foetal cochlear SCs was tested by… What were the results?

A

ABR - auditory brainstem response. This allowed the auditory pathway to be seen in waves.
Thresholds increased by 50%, meaning gerbils could hear more.

145
Q

Adult stem cells are also known as..

A

somatic
tissue-specific
multipotent

146
Q

Research of adult stem cells started in..

A

Regeneration of limbs in salamander and Hydra

147
Q

Mammals can regenerate what tissues?

A

Skin
Gut lining
Blood

148
Q

RBCs are constantly replenished, with …. lost every day

A

10^11 cells

149
Q

Haemopoietic SCs were the first adult SCs to be identified. Their location was shown by injecting…

A

bone marrow of healthy mice into irradiated mice (stopping production of blood cells). After injection mice survived.

150
Q

Bone marrow injected into irradiated mice cause formation of..which showed..

A

colonies on spleens. This showed that injected cells could form colony-forming units - differentiation and self renewal properties.

151
Q

Haemopoietic SCs form multipotent progenitors which form…

A

oligopotent progenitors -> lineage-restricted progenitors -> effector cells

152
Q

MEPs are 1 of 2 myeloid progenitors. Without GATA1, MEPs will not differentiate into…

A

erythroid cell fates

153
Q

GMP, a myeloid progenitor will differentiate into …. if exposed to GATA1

A

erythroid cell fates

154
Q

GATA1 antagonises … fates and upregulated … fates

A

Downregulates myeloid fates and upregulates erythroid fates

155
Q

GATA1 upregulates erythroid fate by…

A

removing c-Jun so that PU1 cannot be transcribed to cause myeloid fates

156
Q

When PU1 is transcribed to upregulate myeloid fate, what action does it have on GATA1?

A

PU1 binds to GATA1 to prevent transcription of GATA1 target genes

157
Q

MEPs and GMPs (myeloid progenitors) show …. to allow rapid production of cells if there is a wound.

A

multi-lineage priming

158
Q

GATA1 is a … of erythroid lineage, meaning that it is essential.

A

master regulator

159
Q

PU1 is a master regulator of…

A

myeloid lineage

160
Q

Cytokine roles in haemopoiesis is either:

A

instructive - progenitors into specific cell type.

selective - act on progeny cells by stimulating their survival or death.

161
Q

Human pluripotent SCs are currently being studied in the treatment of: (5)

A 
Age-related macular degeneration.
Parkinson's.
Spinal cord injury.
Diabetes.
Myocardial infarction.
162
Q

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is degeneration of..

A

retinal pigment epithelia

163
Q

AMD is the leading cause of blindness in people aged over..

A

55

164
Q

Degeneration of RPEs can be caused by:

A

AMD
Stargardt’s disease (genetic)
Retinitis Pigmentosa (genetic)

165
Q

Treatment for AMD is very poor and limited, progression is only slowed down by..

A

vitamins and antioxidants.

166
Q

Transplants of photoreceptor precursors have shown retinal repair in mice. Retinal progenitors which worked best were from… What are their features?

A

embryonic stages P3-P7 (post-fertilisation).

They express Nrl - post-mitotic progenitors

167
Q

Transplantation of retinal progenitors into the retina from earlier stages

A

Nrl expression and survival but did not differentiate into photoreceptors.

168
Q

P3-P7 retinal progens were transplanted into peripherin2 deficient mice retinas. Results showed…

A

Cell expressed new peripherin2 and were light-sensitive.

169
Q

After transplant of retinal progens into mice retina, functionality was tested by…What were the results?

A

water maze. >50% showed functionality. Results also shown in vitro using 3D ESC cultures, integrating with adult retinas.

170
Q

Foetal retina progens were tested in humans, how?

A

retinal sheets consisting of RPEs and neural retina were implanted into eyes.

171
Q

What were the results and problems of implanting RPEs and neural retina in patients?

A

7/10 showed visual acuity.

Tissue source was limited

172
Q

RPEs were differentiated from primate ESCs and transplanted into rats. What functional assay was used?

A

Rotating stripes to see if rats’ eyes were following the stripes.

173
Q

The first clinical trial of hESCs -> RPEs was done in Stargardt’s and AMD. They were first observed in vitro and expressed:

A

MITF
Pax6
Bestrophin

174
Q

hESCs - > RPEs were incubated at 37C with fluorescent photoreceptor bioparticles and injected into mice. This showed formation of…

A

A fluorescent layer of RPEs after 9 months with 2 types of RPE produced.

175
Q

When hESCs-> RPEs were transplanted into human retina, what was observed?

A

Small improvement of visual acuity.

176
Q

Takahashi used iPSC -> RPEs in 2 patients. What was seen?

A

Safety but no improvement seen.

177
Q

Other approaches of delivering hESCs -> RPEs are being developed such as..

A

Patch of cells - provides good arrangement and easy removal. This was successfully delivered in 2 patients with visual acuity gain

178
Q

Good manufacturing practices:

A

Pathogen free.
Reagents traced to be clear of any contact with other cells.
Source of cells.
Purification of cells.

179
Q

Mesenchymal SCs can differentiate into..

A

bone (osteoblasts), cartilage (chondrocytes) and adipose (adipocytes) tissues

180
Q

Transplants of bone marrow (mesenchymal SC) showed …. in vivo

A

bone production

181
Q

Cell populations of bone marrow are highly..

A

heterogenous

182
Q

MSCs have…..which defines them as not stem cells. After this discovery, they were called..

A

limited proliferative capacity.
limited ability to produce multiple lineages.
Mesenchymal stromal cells.

183
Q

Mesenchymal stromal cells have… and express…

A

Plastic adherence.

Cell surface markers: CD105, CD73 and CD90.

184
Q

MSCs (stromal) lack expression of …. which are expressed in endothelial and haemopoietic lineages.

A

CD45 and CD34, HLA-DR

185
Q

MSCs produces bone except for…

A

around the head and neck. This is derived from neural crest mesenchymal cells

186
Q

MSCs can also be isolated from: (6) but are limited so have to be purified

A 
adipose tissue.
placenta.
umbilical cord.
dental pulp.
peripheral blood.
endometrium.
187
Q

MSC niche was found by screening foetal and adult tissues by immunofluorescence. Cells expressing BG2 and CD146 were found…

A

surrounding small blood vessels.

188
Q

From MSC niche, CD146 were selected by FACS and transplanted into SCID mice. What happened?

A

Cells differentiated into muscle and bone. This assay identifies MSCs and plutipotency.

189
Q

MSCs and multipotency is proven by what assay?

A

transplanting cells and observing muscle and bone induction.

190
Q

MSCs are used in clinic for…(3)

A

replacement of bone, cartilage and cardiac muscle.
trophic and paracrine effects of factors which aid in healing and repair of acute injury.
anti-cancer tool - they are attracted to tumour microenvironments.

191
Q

MSC attraction to tumour environment has been observed in…how?

A

gliomas in mice. hMSCs were injected into carotid arteries. Within 7 days, cells were located in the tumour. Also shown in vitro and in different tumour cell lines.

192
Q

By transwell culture dishes with a porous membrane, MSC delivery was studied. Encoding … in MSCs by adenovirus causes…

A

Interferon beta causes apoptosis of cells

193
Q

TRAIL-GFP activity (tumour necrosis factor) has been observed in in vitro co-cultures. What happens?

A

TRAIL-GFP is delivered by lentivirus and is activation dependent in the presence of doxycyline. Tumour cells are killed

194
Q

Drosophila have a stem cell niche in the…

A

testes and ovaries

195
Q

Hub cells are in contact with:

A

2 types of stem cells: germ line and somatic

196
Q

Hub daughter cells of germ line/somatic cells either…

A

move out to become gonialblasts.

stay in contact with Hub cells.

197
Q

Gonialblasts undergo rounds of mitosis and become..

A

spermatocytes.

198
Q

Hub and Cyst (ovary) cells secrete…which activate..(2)

A

Dpp and Gbb which activate BMP downstream.

They also activate Upd and JAK signalling - maintains cyst cells.

199
Q

In bones, endosteum divides bone tissue from… and is lined by..

A

bone marrow. Endosteum is lined by osteoblasts

200
Q

Bone marrow is supplied with blood by arteries in..

A

cortical bone. Arteries branch into aterioles and venous sinusoids.

201
Q

HSCs are distributed around…studied by …experiments

A

sinusoids - shown by ablation experiments

202
Q

Vascular endothelial, perivascular stromal cells and megakaryocytes are essential components. They produce..

A

stem cell factor which binds to KIT receptor (on HSCs)

203
Q

Organoids are made by aggregating pulripotent SCs with…this causes…

A

soluble cues and biomaterials cause cells to self-organise and form organoids

204
Q

Organoids are physiologically relevant as they are experimentally tractable. They resemble..

A

Organs with multiple organ-specific cell types which are spatially organised and carry out specific organ function.

205
Q

When organoids form, they recapitulate processes…

A

of self-organisation seen in development: cell sorting and restricted lineage commitment

BMS3 (6 decks)

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