Forensic Anatomy Flashcards
How many bones does the skull consist of
22; 8 neurocranium protecting the brain and 14 viscerocranium
Which fontanelles are seen in infants
Anterior, posterior, sphenoidal and mastoid
what are the function of fontanelles and when do they close
They allow for an infant’s head to fit through the birth canal and room for growth. They close after 12-18 months.
Premature closure of fontanelles is..
Craniostenosis, affecting 1 in 2000 births. Causes abnormal face shape and intracranial pressure
The 5 pathways of the middle cranial fossa are..
- Superior orbital fissure
- foramen rotundum
- foramen ovale
- foramen spinosum
- foramen lacerum
What travels through the superior orbital fissures
Oculomotor, trochlear, opthalmic and abducens nerves. opthalmic vein
Which foramen does the maxillary nerve pass through
foramen rotundum
What passes through foramen ovale
mandibular nerve
What passes through the foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery and veins, one branch of the mandibular nerve
What passes through the foramen lacerum
no structures
How many pathways are in the posterior cranial fossa
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
foramen magnum
Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves run through which pathway
internal acoustic meatus
Sigmoid sinus, glossopharyngeal, vvagus and accessory nerves pass through..
Jugular foramen
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls’ Vaginas And Hymens
- olfactory
- optic
- oculomotor
- trochlear
- trigeminal
- abducens
- facial
- vestibulocochlear
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus
- accessory
- hypoglossal
oculomotor nerve inneravates..
4 extrinsic eye muscles, pupillary sphincters and levator palpebrae
trochlear nerve innervates..
superior oblique muscle
abducens nerve innervates..
lateral rectus muscle, moving eye side to side
which nerve innervates the posterior tongue, external and middle ear, and salivary glands
glossopharyngeal nerve
which nerve innervates all intrinsic muscles of the tongue (and some extrinsic)
hypoglossal nerve
Osteometric point ‘mid-philtrum’ and ‘prosthion’ are located..
above upper incisors, in between the nose and upper lip
osteometric points: labrale inferiorus, mentolabial sulcus, pogonion, gnathion and menton are located..
below the lower incisors and dips, bumps and edges of the chin
what are the two parts of the oral cavity
vestibule (cheeks) and oral cavity proper (inside the arches)
How many adult teeth are there
32 in total. 8 incisors (central and lateral) 4 canines 8 premolars (1st and 2nd bicuspids) 12 molars
the 4 dental tissues are
enamel, dentine pulp and cementum
Pulp contains
blood vessels and nerves, supplying teeth with water and nutrients
Biting surfaces and front surfaces of incisors and canines are..
incisal and labial surfaces
cervical surfaces of teeth are where..
teeth meet the gingival margin
how do central and lateral incisors differ from each other
central incisor roots are shorter and stouter
what feature are used to identify a canine tooth
tusk like long roots and their mesial surface is shorter than their distal surface
Features of premolars are..
2 cusps
1 root
uppers are oval
lowers are circular
molars have..
multiple roots and multiple cusps.
uppers are asymmetric and have 3 roots (variably fused).
lowers have clear divisions and 2 long roots
Deciduous teeth differ from permanent teeth by being..
Smaller and whiter. More opaque enamel. More bulbous. Pronounced cervical junction. Shorter and narrower roots.
Permanent teeth start to erupt from age..
- First are central incisors and first molars. Lower teeth tend to erupt before their corresponding upper.
wisdom teeth erupt from..
ages 18-25
Larger bones and joint surfaces with stronger muscle attachments indicate..
male sex
Shallow, low and broad pelvises are …, high and narrow are …
female and male. Male iliac crests and angular and sharply flexed whereas females are gently flexed.
Broad, U shaped sub pubic angle is a trait of…
females. Males have narrow and v shaped angles.
ante-mortem tooth loss can be seen by.
remodelling/obliteration of the tooth socket and movement of other tooth crowns to compensate. Hypereruption of the corresponding tooth may be seen.
How does the pubic symphysis change with age
Young adults have ‘billowing’, horizontal grooves and ridges. With age, grooves become filled and margins thicken to develop a rim. Surfaces become pitted, porous and irregular. Ossific nodules and bony outgrowths expand. The face depresses. Rims start to erode.
Fusions of epiphyses and centres of ossification take place..
in early post-natal life (frontal bone, mandible and neural arches). Others mainly occur in adolescence and early adult life (clavicle and sacral bodies).
animal bones differ from human bones by being..
heavier, denser, more polished, and greasier
Microscopic degradation breaks down …
osteoid. The process is called bioerosion or diagenesis.
How is bioerosion visualised
polarised light in a microscope can show reduction in collagen; healthy bones show birefringence (reflection of light by collagen).
Prominent cheekbones and shovel shaped incisors are features of which ethnicity
asian
All facial muscles originate from … and insert into … they are innervated by …
Muscles are located in subcutaneous skin originating from bone or fascia. All insert into the skin and are innervated by the facial nerve.
the 2 orbital muscles are..
orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii. They are innervated by temporal and zygomatic branches.
Orbicularis oculi has palpebral, lacrimal and orbital parts. Its function is..
to close the eyelids and drain tears.
Orbicularis oculi originates from..
originates from the medial orbital margin, palpebral ligament and lacrimal bone.
The corrugator supercilii originates from..
the superciliary arch. Its function draws the eyebrows together.
The 2 nasal muscles are..
nasalis and procerus
This nasal muscle originates from the maxilla and is split into transverse and alar parts
Nasalis
This muscle originates from the nasal bone and pulls the eyebrows down
Procerus
This muscle purses lips and brings them together, originating from the maxilla and other cheek muscles
Orbicularis oris
The buccinator muscle is located..
between upper and lower molars. It pulls cheeks in and originates from the maxilla and mandible.
This muscle originates from the parotid gland and pulls the lips horizontally.
Risorius
The function of zygomatic major and minor muscles are..
to elevate the upper lip. They originate from the zygomatic bone
Levator labii superioris originates from..
below the orbits. It deepens furrows around the nose and top lip
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is located..
lateral to the nose. It dilates the nostrils and snarls the upper lip
This muscle lowers the corners of the mouth
Depressor anguli oris
This muscle raises corners of the mouth
Levator anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris moves..
the lower lip down (sulk) and originates from the mental foramen.
Mentalis originates from..
below the lower incisors. It raises the lower lip to pout
The 3 muscles of mastication are..
temporalis, masseter and medial+lateral pterygoid muscles
The temporomandibular joint consists of..
mandibular fossa, articular tubercle (temporal bone), and head of the mandible
The temporalis originates from … and inserts onto..
Originates from the temporal fossa and inserts onto the coronoid process of the mandible
The function of the temporalis muscle and innervation
elevates and retracts the mandible. Innervated by mandibular nerve (CN V3)
The masseter originates from … and inserts …
originates from the lower zygomatic arch and inserts onto the lateral ramus of the mandible
function of the masseter
elevates the mandible and brings teeth together
muscles of mastication are innervated by..
Trigeminal - mandibular division (CN V3)
The pterygoid muscles have 2 heads each originating from…
maxilla, palatine and sphenoid bones
pterygoid muscles insert onto..
ramus and neck of the mandible
the pterygoid muscles help to..
protract and elevate the mandible, also moving it side to side
After the facial nerve passes through the internal acoustic meatus, it forms branches of:
Petrosal
Stapedius
Chorda Tympani
This leaves the ‘motor root’ remaining
The motor root branches into 5 at the..
parotid gland
The 5 branches of the motor root (facial nerve) are:
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
Which nerve innervates the skin of the face, mucous membranes and sinuses
Trigeminal nerve. The only motor fibres are in the mandibular nerve to innervate muscles of mastication.
The trigeminal ganglion sits in the …
lateral cavernous sinus
Opthalmic nerve innervates..
forehead, scalp, frontal and ethmoidal sinuses, upper eyelid and conjunctiva, cornea and nose
The maxillary nerve innervates..
lower eyelid, conjunctiva, cheeks, maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, lateral nose, upper lip, upper teeth and superior palate
Mandibular nerve innervates..
oral cavity, external ear, lower lip, chin, anterior tongue, lower teeth.
Motor supply to mastication muscles, digastric and mylohyoid muscles.
Arterial supply to the head is from..
carotid and vertebral arteries
External carotid supplies… and divides at the …
External carotid supplies external areas of the cranium. It travel posterior to the mandibular neck and divides at the parotid gland.
branches of the external carotid artery are:
superifical temporal maxillary superior thyroid lingual facial ascending pharyngeal occipital posterior auricular
Which artery supplies blood to deep structures of the face
Maxillary
Superficial areas of the face are supplied with blood by..
Superficial temporal and facial arteries
What was the first human protein variation used in crime investigations
blood groups polymorphisms
The main steps of ReFLP are..
DNA fragments are cut by restriction enzymes.
Fragments run on a gel with probe.
They are probed by Southern blot.
Probes bind to VNTRs and length of VNTR fragments is seen; no. of repeats is seen.
Disadvantages of ReFLP are..
A large DNA yield is needed - not available at crime scenes.
High quality of DNA needed - not available,
Quality affects difficulty of reading matching bands.
Single locus ReFLP was developed because..
low quality DNA affected difficulty in reading matching bands. Single locus simplifies interpretation, and uses a highly polymorphic VNTR.
Single and multi locus FLPs both require large amounts and high quality DNA. What developed after this?
Adding PCR. This would allow degraded DNA to be amplified.
PCR cant work for long strands of DNA. What is used to identify VNTRs instead?
Instead of probes, primers were used
what are problems of PCR
Taq polymerase used cannot proof read DNA.
Excessive primers form primer dimers.
Primers can mis-prime.
Samples can be contaminated by other DNA.
What measures DNA purity and how
UV spectrometry measure UV light absorbed by DNA bases. Readings tell us concentration and amount of protein. Ratio’s tell us purity.
What came after the use of minisatellites/VNTRs and what are they?
STRs - short tandem repeats. These are smaller than minisatellites and highly variable. They work better on degraded DNA
Because STRs are smaller, their presence on different chromosomes can be separated more easily. What does this mean?
This provides a more random distribution pattern, meaning the match probability will be lower.
After STRs started being used, what came next?
Using multiple STRs in protocols: Quadruplex and SGM (second gen multiplex)
Using multiple STRs has a match probability of..
1 in 50 million
SGM Plus uses more STRs to achieve a Pm of 1 in trillions. How many STRs and how is it visualised?
11 dyes for 11 different STRs are used. This produces peaks of molecular weight (no. of repeats) and whether a sample is homo/heterozygous or mixed.
