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Steering > Steering Geometry > Flashcards

Steering Geometry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 aims of steering ?

A

Centre point steering

When cornering all steered wheels must turn about a common centre

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2
Q

What is the scrub radius?

A

Centre of the king pin to the centre of the tyre

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3
Q

What does a large scrub effect cause?

A

Large splaying out effect

Heavy steering

Large bending forces on the stub axle and kingpin

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4
Q

How do you overcome the problem of a large scrub radius?

A

Arrange the wheel and king pin so the centre line of the wheel meets the centre line of the king pin at the road surface

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5
Q

How do you achieve centre point steering

A

Wheel camber

Kingpin inclination

Dished wheels

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6
Q

What is positive offset?

A

Wheel centre line and KPI/SIA centre line is below the road surface

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7
Q

What is negative offset?

A

Wheel centre line meets KPI/SAI above the road surface

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8
Q

What is camber angle?

A

Angle formed between the vertical and wheel centre line

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9
Q

What is positive camber?

A

Wheel tilts outwards at the top

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of positive camber?

A

Cone effect - roll in circle

Wear on outer edge of tyre

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11
Q

What are the advantages of positive camber?

A

Lighter steering

Offset is reduced

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12
Q

What is negative camber?

A

Wheel tilts inwards at the top

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of negative camber?

A

Offset increases

Heavier steering

Increased tyre wear

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14
Q

What are the advantages of negative camber

A

Improved handling

Camber angle reduced

More tyre contact with road surface

When travelling over rough surfaces, small movements are absorbed instead of through steering linkages

Helps keep vehicle in a straight line

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15
Q

How can a dished wheel reduce KPI

A

Slightly dishing the wheel

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16
Q

What is castor action

A

Gives driver the feel of the straight ahead position , wheels follow the general direction of the weight

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17
Q

What must be exerted to overcome the self centering or castoring action?

A

Torque

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18
Q

Too much and too little castor causes what?

A

Too much- heavy steering

Too little- wandering

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19
Q

What is positive castor?

A

When the centre line- road contact is ahead of the wheel

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20
Q

What is negative castor?

A

When the centre line road contact is behind the wheel

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21
Q

What type of castor is required for front or 4 wheeled drive vehicles?

A

Negative

22
Q

What type of castor is required for rear wheel drive?

A

Positive

23
Q

What forces can cause slip angle?

A

Cornering, camber, wind and weight

24
Q

What is the slip angle?

A

Difference between intended direction of travel and actual direction of travel

25
Q

What are the 2 ways slip angles can affect a vehicle?

A

Oversteer - vehicle turns more than intended

Under steer- vehicle turns less than intended

26
Q

How does oversteer occur?

A

When the slip angle on the rear tyres are greater than the slip angle on the front

27
Q

What will occur if the slip angle are equal on the front and back?

A

Turn the corner uniformly

28
Q

How can oversteer be caused?

A

Increase load on the rear of the vehicle

Lower pressure in rear tyres

Large load transfer from inner rear wheel to the outer rear wheel when Cornering

29
Q

What causes under steer?

A

The slip angles are greater on the front than the rear

30
Q

What happens during understeering?

A

The front wheels are turning a lesser amount than the driver intended

31
Q

What can be another cause of understeer apart from slip angle?

A

Increase load on the front

Lower pressure on front tyres

Large load transfer from inner front wheel to outer front wheel when Cornering

32
Q

What is front wheel alignment (tracking)

A

Wheels on each axle should be parallel when travelling in a straight line

33
Q

What is the allowance known as in tracking?

A

Tow in , toe out

34
Q

On RWD, forces exerted cause wheels to?

A

Splay out

35
Q

On FWD, forces exerted cause wheels to?

A

Splay in

36
Q

What is toe in?

A

Distance on the front of the wheel is shorter than the measurement at the rear

37
Q

What is toe out ?

A

When the distance between the front of the wheel is greater than the measurement between the rear of the wheel

38
Q

Toe setting is determined by what?

A

Manufacture

39
Q

How is the setting adjusted?

A

By altering the length of track rod, activated by LH/RH thread

40
Q

Toe setting is checked by?

A

Alignment gauges

Optical tracking gauges

41
Q

What should you check before tracking alignment?

A

Tyre size, pressure and uneven wear

Wheel bearing play

Check front suspension for damage

Check run out of the wheels

42
Q

What must you do before checking alignment?

A

Rolled backwards and forward to settle the steering and suspension

Allows all play to be taken up

43
Q

What will occur if the wishbones are the same size?

A

Road deflections lift the wheel , the track will vary but the camber will stay the same

Make it unstable and increase tyre wear

44
Q

What occurs if the wishbones are different lengths?

A

Road deflections lift the wheel but the track stays the same but camber angle alters

More stable will only cause slight tyre wear

45
Q

What prevents scrubbing when turning?

A

Wheels must turn about a common centre

A true rolling action must be achieved

46
Q

What can almost true rolling action be achieved by?

A

Inclining steering arms towards each other

Line projected from each king pin meet on the centre line of the vehicles ahead of the rear axle

47
Q

What will distortion of the track arm cause?

A

Misalignment

Incorrect wheel angles

48
Q

How is the alignment checked?

A

Turntable measuring angles

Carrying out a toe out on turns test

49
Q

What are the possible causes of wander?

A

Excessive negative castor

Excessive play in steering joints

Tight ball joints, kingpins or steering joints

Incorrect steering box adjustment

50
Q

What are the possible causes of shimy?

A

Excessive play in steering box

Excessive play in ball joints or kingpin/swivel pins

51
Q

What causes the vehicle to pull to one side?

A

Incorrect front wheel alignment

Unequal track rod adjustment

Incorrect steering angles

Steering (5 decks)

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