STEEL Flashcards
Metal
A category of materials with properties like conductivity-strength-and ductility.
Steel
An alloy made primarily of iron and carbon-with small amounts of other elements.
Carbon content in steel
Varies between 0.05% and 1.5%-affecting hardness-strength-and flexibility.
Effect of carbon in steel
Higher carbon content makes steel harder and stronger-but reduces ductility and weldability.
Ferrous metals
Metals that contain iron-such as cast iron and steel.
Non-ferrous metals
Metals that do not contain iron-such as copper-aluminum-tin-and zinc.
Definition of cast iron
A ferrous alloy with 2-4% carbon-known for being hard-brittle-and corrosion-resistant.
Composition of cast iron
Iron (92-95%)-Carbon (2-2.5%)-Silicon (1-3%).
Properties of cast iron
Brittle-strong in compression-low tensile strength-and cannot be welded easily.
Advantages of cast iron
Resists rust-withstands high temperatures-and is excellent in compression.
Disadvantages of cast iron
Brittle-cannot absorb sudden shocks-and has poor tensile strength.
Uses of cast iron
Pipes-engine blocks-cookware-machinery-ship anchors-and structural supports.
Melting point of cast iron
About 1200°C-lower than steel.
Steel composition
Iron (Fe) and Carbon (C)-with elements like manganese-silicon-phosphorus-and sulfur.
Effect of manganese in steel
Improves hardness-wear resistance-and impact strength.
Effect of chromium in steel
Enhances corrosion and oxidation resistance-(used in stainless steel).
Effect of nickel in steel
Increases tensile strength and toughness.
Effect of molybdenum in steel
Improves hardenability and high-temperature strength.
Effect of titanium and aluminum in steel
Act as deoxidizers-preventing impurities.
Very low carbon steel
Contains less than 0.15% carbon-making it soft-ductile-and easy to weld.
Low carbon steel
Carbon content between 0.15-0.3%-used for structural applications-pipelines-and vehicle frames.
Medium carbon steel
Carbon content between 0.3-0.6%-used in gears-railway tracks-and machinery parts.
High carbon steel
Carbon content between 0.6-1.5%-used for tools-knives-springs-and hardened parts.
Plain carbon steel
Made of only iron and carbon-with minor amounts of manganese-silicon-and copper.
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel
Strengthened by small amounts of niobium-vanadium-titanium-or molybdenum.
Heat-treatable steel
Medium-carbon steel that can be quenched and tempered for increased hardness.
Tool steel
High-carbon steel used for cutting-shaping-and forming materials.
Stainless steel
Contains at least 12% chromium-forming a protective oxide layer against rust.
Stainless steel properties
Corrosion-resistant-strong-durable-and low maintenance.
Elements in stainless steel
Includes nickel-manganese-molybdenum-titanium-silicon-and niobium.
Types of stainless steel
Austenitic-Ferritic-Martensitic-Duplex-and Precipitation Hardening stainless steel.
Fabrication techniques
Casting-forming-machining-and welding.
Casting
A process of shaping metal by pouring molten metal into a mold and letting it solidify.
Types of casting
Sand casting-investment casting-die casting-continuous casting.
Sand casting
Uses sand molds-suitable for large and complex shapes.
Investment casting
Uses wax models-ideal for precise and detailed parts.
Die casting
Uses high-pressure molds-commonly used for mass production.
Continuous casting
Produces long-uniform metal sections directly from molten steel.
Forming
A process where metal is shaped by applying pressure without removing material.
Types of forming
Rolling-extrusion-drawing-forging-bending.
Cold forming
Metal shaping at room temperature-increasing strength but reducing flexibility.
Hot forming
Metal shaping at high temperatures-allowing greater plasticity.
Rolling
Reduces thickness by passing metal through rollers.
Extrusion
Forces metal through a die to create complex cross-sections.
Drawing
Pulls metal through a die to make wires or thin tubes.
Forging
Shapes metal using hammering or pressing-improving strength.
Bending
Deforms metal to create angles or curves.
Machining
A process where material is removed to create a desired shape.
Types of machining
Turning-milling-drilling-grinding-electromachining (EDM).
Turning
Uses a lathe to rotate metal while a cutting tool shapes it.
Milling
Uses rotating cutters to remove material from a workpiece.
Drilling
Uses a drill bit to create holes in metal.
Grinding
Uses abrasive wheels to smooth surfaces.
Electromachining (EDM)
Uses electrical sparks to cut metal precisely.
Welding
A process of joining metals using heat and pressure.
Types of welding
Arc welding-oxyfuel gas welding-laser beam welding-resistance welding.
Arc welding
Uses an electric arc to generate heat and melt metal at the joint.
Examples of arc welding
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)-Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)-Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW).
Oxyfuel gas welding
Uses oxygen and fuel gas (acetylene) to produce a flame for melting metal.
Laser beam welding
Uses a highly concentrated laser beam for precise welding.
Resistance welding
Uses electrical resistance to generate heat and fuse metals together.
Examples of resistance welding
Spot welding and seam welding.
Weldability
The ability of a material to be easily joined using welding techniques.
