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Health Care Systems > Stats > Flashcards

Stats Flashcards

1
Q

Sub-collection of members selected from a population

A

Sample

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2
Q

Influenced by another factor, it’s the one you’re measuring

A

Dependent variable

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3
Q

Influences the dependent factor and is controlled by the researcher

A

Independent variable

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4
Q

Mathematical description of a population characterisitic

A

Parameter

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5
Q

Mathematical description of a sample characteristic

A

Statistic

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6
Q

Used to summarize and describe the characteristics of data numerically and graphically

A

Descriptive statistics

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7
Q

Make conclusions about populations

A

Inferential statistics

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8
Q

Consists of names or labels

A

Categorical data

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9
Q

Consists of numbers representing counts or measurements

A

Quantitative data

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10
Q

Finite number or countable

A

Discrete

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11
Q

Infinitely many possible values

A

Continuous

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12
Q

Names, labels, or categories only and the data cannot be arranged

A

Nominal level measurment

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13
Q

Arranged in some order but differences can’t be determined or are meaningless

A

Ordinal level measurement

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14
Q

Ordinal level with the additional property that there is a difference between two values however there is NO natural zero

A

Interval level measurement

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15
Q

Interval level with a natural zero starting point. The differences of the values are meaningful

A

Ratio level measurement

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16
Q

Categories onlly
Categories w/ order
Differences but no natural start
Differences and a natural start

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratios

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17
Q

Apply some treatment and then observe its effects on the subjects

A

Experimental study

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18
Q

Observing and measuring specific characteristics w/o attempting to modify the subjects

A

Observational study

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19
Q

N subjects are selected in a way that every possible sample size N has the same chance of being chosen

A

Simple random sample

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20
Q

Select some starting point and then select every kth element

A

Systematic sampling

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21
Q

Subdivide the population into subgroups that share characteristics and then draw a sample from each

A

Stratified sampling

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22
Q

Divide the population into section and randomly select some of those clusters and chose ALL members from those clusters

A

Cluster Sampling

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23
Q

Collect data by using some combination of the basic sampling methods, pollsters select sample in different stages

A

Multistage sampling

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24
Q

Chooses itself by responding to a general appeal

A

Voluntary response sample

25
Q

Results that are easy to get

A

Convenience sample

26
Q

Equation for relative frequency

A

= class frequency/sum of all

27
Q

On a histogram, what do the horizontal and vertical scales represent?

A

Horizontal - classes

Vertical - frequencies

28
Q

Scatter plots are a graph of x,y plots used for what?

A

Determine relationship b/w x and y

29
Q

When two values are somehow associated with each other

A

Correlation

30
Q

Measures the strength of the linear relationship b/w x and y

A

Linear correlation coefficient, r

31
Q

What value of the Pearson correlation coefficient, r, is considered very strong and strong

A

Very - .8 to 1.0

Strong - .6 to .8

32
Q

What is the only measure of center that can be used with nominal data

A

Mode

33
Q

What 3 measures of variability are commonly used?

A

Range
SD
Variance

34
Q

A measure of the variation of values about the mean, represents the average amount of variability in a set of scores

A

Standard Deviation

35
Q

A measure of variation equal to the square of the standard deviation

A

Variance

36
Q

The number of standard deviations that a given value x is above or below the mean

A

Z score

37
Q

Z score equation

A

z = (value - mean) / SD

38
Q

The mean and SD of the z-scores of a population are always?

A

Mean = o

SD = 1

39
Q

Z score values…

Ordinary and Unusual values

A

Ordinary - Z score between 2 and -2

Unusual - Z score greater than +2 or less than -2

40
Q

P(A) means…?

A

Probability (% chance) that A happens/is chosen

41
Q

Explain the probability addition rule

A

Probability event A OR event B occurs

add the fractions

42
Q

Explain the multiplication rule for probability

A

Probability that event A AND B occur

A and B are independent

multiply the fractions

43
Q

A series of independent trials where each trial has two possible outcomes/events

A

A procedure

44
Q

Area under a density curve is a correspondence between…?

A

Area and probability

45
Q

Approximates a normal distribution as the sample size increases regardless of the distribution of the population

A

Sample mean

46
Q

Gives us a range of values with certain probability to contain the population mean

A

Confidence interval

47
Q

What happens to the confidence interval as the sample size increases

A

The confidence interval DECREASES

48
Q

The definitive statement that there is a relationship b/w populations regarding certain variable

A

Research Hypothesis

49
Q

What is a non-directional research hypothesis?

A

A difference between groups but doesn’t specify the direction

50
Q

What is a Directional research hypothesis

A

There is a difference between groups AND specifies direction

51
Q

States that there is no difference b/w conditions or a condition and a specified value

A

Null hypothesis - it is the starting point against which actual outcomes can be measured

52
Q

A standard procedure for testing a claim about a property of one or more populations

A

Hypothesis test

OR

Test of Significance

53
Q

A value used in making a decision about the null hypothesis.

A

Test Statistic

54
Q

How to find the Test Statistic

A

Converting the sample statistic to a score with the assumption that the null hypothesis is true

55
Q

Reflects the uncertainty in the mean estimated from a sample

A

Standard Error of Mean

56
Q

Probability of getting a value of the test statistic that is at least as extreme as the one representing the sample data assuming that the null hypothesis is true

A

P value

57
Q

What is the significance of a P-value:

  • Less than or equal to alpha
  • Greater than alpha
A

Less than or equal to A = rejects the null

Greater than A = fail to reject the null

58
Q

The mistake of rejecting the null when it is actually true

A

Type I error

59
Q

The mistake of failing to reject the null when it is actually false

A

Type II error

Health Care Systems (9 decks)

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