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CPCE prep > Stats > Flashcards

Stats Flashcards

1
Q

The Average: add all numbers and divide by how many numbers you have

A

Mean

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2
Q

When you put all the numbers in order and find the middle number

A

Median

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3
Q

Most frequent number

A

Mode

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4
Q

Highest # minus Lowest # is the:

A

Range

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5
Q

Highest # minus Lowest # +1 is:

A

Inclusive Range

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6
Q

Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient is shown as:

A

r

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7
Q

r2 =

A

shared variance

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8
Q

This is the variable you can manipulate in an experiment:

A

Independent Variable

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9
Q

This is the variable you measure in an experiment:

A

Dependent variable

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10
Q

How flat or peaked a distribution is called:

A

Kurtosis

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11
Q

A flat distribution is called:

A

platykurtic

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12
Q

A peaked distribution is called:

A

Leptokurtic

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13
Q

When there is a lack of symmetry in a distribution, it’s called:

A

skewed

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14
Q

A positive skewed distribution has a tail on the:

A

positive end of the distribution (right side)

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15
Q

A negatively skewed distribution has a tail on the:

A

negative end of the distribution (left side)

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16
Q

this scale of measurement uses names/categories:

A

Nominal

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17
Q

This scale of measurement uses ranks (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

A

Ordinal

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18
Q

This scale of measurement uses point along the sale that are equal. This also has no absolute zero

A

Interval

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19
Q

This scale of measurement has a presence of absolute zero

A

Ratio

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20
Q

What type of correlation do you use when looking at 2 nominal variables (ex: voting preference, such as Republican or Democrat)
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

c) Phi Coefficient

(nominal & nominal)

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21
Q

What type of correlation uses a nominal and ordinal scale? (ex: correlation between social class and rank in high school):
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

A) Rank Biserial

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22
Q

What type of correlation uses nominal and interval scales (ex: looking at the difference between car ownership and age)
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

B) point biserial

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23
Q

What correlation uses ordinal and ordinal scales? (ex: correlation between height and weight):
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

e) spearman rank coefficient

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24
Q

What correlation uses interval and interval scales of measurement? (ex: the correlation between number of problems solved and age in years).
a) Rank Biserial
b) Point Biserial
c) Phi Coefficient
d) Pearson Correlation Coefficient
e) Spearman rank coefficient

A

D) Pearson Correlation Coefficient

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25
Q

(Cohen’s d) coefficient strength of .8 is
a) low
b) medium
c) high
d) none

A

c) high

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26
Q

(Cohen’s d) Coefficient strength of .5 is:
a) low
b) medium
c) high
d) equal

A

b) medium

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27
Q

(Cohen’s d) Coefficient strength of .2 is:
a) low
b) medium
c) high
d) non-existant

A

a) low

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28
Q

a positive correlation is also known as a(n):

-direct correlation or
-indirect correlation

A

Direct correlation

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29
Q

a negative correlation is also known as a(n):

-direct correlation or
-indirect correlation

A

indirect correlation

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30
Q

On what type of chart do bars touch each others?

A

histogram

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31
Q

On what type of chart do the bars not touch?

A

Bar graph

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32
Q

What type of chart uses trends in data at equal intervals?

A

Line chart

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33
Q

What type of chart or graph is made with nominal variables?

A

Pie graph

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34
Q

If your obtained value (ov) is more extreme than the critical value (cv), do you:
a) accept the null hypothesis, b) reject the null hypothesis, c) fail to reject the null hypothesis?

A

Reject the null hypothesis

35
Q

If your obtained value (ov) is less extreme than the critical value (cv) do you:
a) accept the null hypothesis
b) reject the null hypothesis
c) fail to reject the null hypothesis

A

c) fail to reject the null hypothesis

36
Q

This test tells you the difference between 2 or more groups:

A

ANOVA

37
Q

How do you solve for degrees of Freedom?

A

n-1

38
Q

Type I error:
a) False negative
b) False positive

A

b) false positive
ex: The pregnant woman’s Alpha-Fetoprotein Test wrongly indicates that patient has down syndrome, which means that pregnancy must be aborted for no reason

39
Q

Type II error:
a) False negative
b) False positive

A

a) False negative
ex: The pregnant mom’s Alpha-Fetoprotein Test is negative and the child will be born with multiple anomalies

40
Q

The probability of rejectin a null hypothesis when it’s true is known as what type of error?

A

Type I error

41
Q

The probability of accepting a null hypothesis when it is false is know as what type of error

A

Type II error

42
Q

How well a test measures what is says it does is called:

A

Validity

43
Q

The consistency of a test is known as:

A

Reliability

44
Q

A test for the difference between two or more means:

A

Analysis of Variance

45
Q

Type of validity that examines how well a test samples a universe of items

A

Content validity

46
Q

The best estimate of the range of a population value given the sample value:

A

Confidence interval

47
Q

Numerical index that reflects the relationship between 2 variables, specifically how the value of ones changes when the value of the other changes

A

Correlation coefficient

48
Q

Type of validity that examines how well a test reflects some criterion that exists in either the present or the future

A

criterion-based validity

49
Q

Research design used to explore more than one treatment variable:

A

Factorial design

50
Q

Type of reliability that examines whether items on a test measure only one dimension, construct, or area of interest

A

Internal consistency reliability

51
Q

A type of reliability that examines whether observers are consistent with one another

A

Interrater reliability

52
Q

The mean, median, and mode are known as the:

A

Measures of Central Tendency

53
Q

This test compares a sample mean to a population

A

one sample z-test

54
Q

a sample is a:

A

subset of a population

55
Q

a type of reliability that examines a test’s consistency over time

A

test-retest reliability

56
Q

a raw score that is adjusted for the mean and standard deviation of the distribution from which the raw score comes:

A

z score

57
Q

Used to find if theres a difference in the average scores of one or more variables between 2 groups:

A

Independent means t test

58
Q

a third variable is sometimes called a ___________ variable:

A

Confounding

59
Q

In a normal curve, what percent of scores fall between the mean and -1 standard deviation?

A

34%

60
Q

What percent of scores land between the mean and -1 and +1 standard deviations in a normal curve?

A

68%

61
Q

what percent of scores fall between the mean and +2 and -1 standard deviations in a normal curve?

-1 mean +1 +2

A

82% of scores

62
Q

What percent of scores fall between the mean and 2 standard deviations (both positive or both negative) on a normal curve?

A

~ 47.72 or 48%

63
Q

the percent of scores that fall between the mean and -2 and +2 SD on a normal curve is:

A

95 % of scores

64
Q

a positive z score falls to the ___________ of the mean:

a) left
b) right

A

b) right

65
Q

a negative z score falls to the _______ of the mean:
a) left
b) right

A

a) left

66
Q

a z score is simple the number of _________ _________ away from the mean

A

Standard deviations

67
Q

if your z score is +1 then the area between the mean and z is what percent on a bell curve?

A

34%

68
Q

a z score of 2.5 is what percent of scores on a bell curve?

A

49.38%

69
Q

this is a standard score that is computed by multiplying the z score by 10 and adding 50

A

t score

70
Q

When you reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true:

A

Type I error

71
Q

When you accept the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is really false:

A

Type II error

72
Q

If the level of significance is .05, what percent chance do you have of rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s true and there really is no group difference?

A

5%

73
Q

This type of error is sensitive to the number of subjects in a sample; as a sample increases, the probability of this error decreases

A

Type II error

74
Q

The probability of a raw score falling withing +/- 1.96 z scores or standard deviations is:

A

95%

75
Q

Probability of a raw score falling within +/- 2.56 z scores or SD’s is:

A

99%

76
Q

A _____ test is a sample and a population

A

z test

77
Q

a ____ test is two groups/samples

A

t test

78
Q

What’s the difference between a dependent and independent samples t test

A

dependent = pre/post, 2 groups are related/same; independent is that they are not the same group

79
Q

How well a test can detect and reject a null hypothesis when it is false is known as:

A

power

80
Q

when your z value is more extreme that the critical value do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?

A

REJECT THE NULL

81
Q

When the z value is below the critical value do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?

A

fail to reject the null (less extreme)

82
Q

When you want to test a group twice after an intervention to see how they improve, you’d use what kind of ANOVA?

A

Repeated measures ANOVA

83
Q

If the correlation between two variables in .47, how much variance is accounted for?

A

.47 squared = .2209; 22.09% accounted for

84
Q

The line of best fit is known as a __________ line

A

regression

CPCE prep (3 decks)

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