Statistics / Researchers / Case Studies Flashcards
What is the capacity of STM?
7 +/- 2 units.
Who conducted research into the capacity of STM?
Miller (1956).
What is the duration of STM?
18-30 seconds.
Who conducted research into the duration of STM?
Peterson and Peterson (1959).
After 3 seconds, what was the percentage of accurate recall of the trigram?
90%.
After 18 seconds, what was the percentage of accurate recall of the trigram?
2%.
Who conducted research into the duration of LTM?
Bahrick et al (1975).
What was the percentage of accurate free recall after 15 years after graduation?
60%.
What was the percentage of accurate free recall after 48 years after graduation?
30%.
What was the percentage of accurate recognition after 15 years after graduation?
90%.
What was the percentage of accurate recognition after 48 years after graduation?
70%.
Who conducted research into STM coding?
Baddeley (1966).
Who conducted research into LTM coding?
Baddeley (1966).
Who proposed the Multi-Store Model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin.
What year was the Multi-Store Model proposed?
1968.
What happened to KF?
Suffered brain damage in a motorcycle accident. His verbal STM was damaged, however, his visual STM was mostly unaffected.
Who conducted the serial position research?
Murdock (1962).
What model of memory does ‘serial position research’ support?
Multi-Store Model.
What happened to Clive Wearing?
He contracted a viral infection in his brain. He lost his episodic memory but his procedural memory was unaffected (could still play the piano but had no memories of his wedding).
Who conducted research into the sensory register?
Sperling (1960).
Which model of memory does Sperling’s research support?
Multi-Store Model.
Which case studies support/disprove the Multi-Store Model?
- KF (strength and weakness).
- Clive Wearing (weakness).
Who proposed the Working Memory Model?
Baddeley and Hitch.
What year was the Working Memory Model proposed?
1974.
What is the capacity of the visuospatial sketchpad?
3-4 items.
Which year was the Episodic Buffer added?
2000.
Which case study supports the Working Memory Model?
KF.
Who conducted the ‘dual-task’ research?
Baddeley et al (1975).
Who conducted research into musical memory?
Berz (1995).
Who proposed the different types of long-term memory?
Tulving.
What year were the different types of LTM proposed?
1985.
Which case study supports the different types of LTM?
Clive Wearing.
Who conducted research into brain scan evidence for the different types of LTM?
Tulving et al (1994).
Who developed memory training that targets episodic memory in older people?
Belleville et al (2006).
Who conducted research in support of retroactive interference?
McGeogh and McDonald (1931) - one list was learnt with 100% accuracy and a second list was then learnt, then participant had to recall first list.
What was the percentage accuracy of recall when the second list consisted of words that had a similar meaning to the first list.
12%.
Who conducted a meta-analysis in support of proactive interference?
Underwood (1957).
Who conducted research to support context-dependent forgetting?
- Abernethy (1940) - separate rooms.
- Godden and Baddeley (1975) - scuba-divers.
Who showed that thinking of the room that you originally learnt information (context reinstatement) was as effective as being in the same room during retrieval.
Smith (1979).
Who conducted research in support of state-dependent forgetting?
Goodwin et al (1969) - intoxication.
Who conducted research into the effects of leading questions?
Loftus and Palmer.
What year did Loftus and Palmer conduct their research?
1974.
How many students were in Loftus and Palmer’s study?
45.
How many films were shown in Loftus and Palmer’s study?
7.
Which word had the highest mean speed estimate?
Smashed.
What was the highest mean speed estimate?
40.8 mph.
Which word had the lowest mean speed estimate?
Contacted.
What was the lowest mean speed estimate?
31.8 mph.
Who conducted research against Loftus and Palmer?
Yuille and Cutshall (1986).
What did Yuille and Cutshall (1986) find?
4 months after a real-life robbery in Canada. 13 eyewitnesses were not affected by leading questions and gave the same responses they had given in their initial report.
Who conducted research into the effects of post-event discussion?
Gabbert et al.
What year did Gabbert et al conduct his study?
2003.
How many participants were in Gabbert et al’s study?
120.
What percentage of participants mistakenly recalled information they did not witness in the video?
71%.
In a control group, what percentage of participants recalled incorrect information when there was no post-event discussion.
0%.
What percentage of participants claimed the girl committed a crime even though they did not witness her committing a crime.
60%.
Who conducted research in support of Gabbert et al?
Bodner et al (2009).
What did Bodner et al (2009) find?
They found similar effects of post-event discussion; and also found that the negative effects can be reduced if the participants are warned about them.
Who conducted research into the weapon-focus effect?
Johnson and Scott.
What year did Johnson and Scott conduct their research?
1976.
What percentage of participants identified the correct man who was holding a pen and covered in grease.
49%.
What percentage of participants identified the correct man who was holding a paperknife covered in blood.
33%.
Who’s conducted research in support of Johnson and Scott?
Loftus et al (1987).
What did Loftus et al (1987) find?
The presence of a weapon causes eye movements to be drawn to the weapon.
Who conducted research against Johnson and Scott?
Christianson and Hubinette (1993).
What did Christianson and Hubinette (1993) find?
Out of 58 real eyewitnesses to a bank robbery, those who were directly threatened had a more accurate recall, even 15 months later.
Who developed the cognitive interview?
Fischer and Geisleman.
Who developed the enhanced cognitive interview?
Fischer et al.
Who conducted research in support of the cognitive interview?
Kohnken et al (1999).
What did Kohnken et al (1999) find in support of the cognitive interview?
In a meta-analysis, 34% more correct information was generated in a cognitive interview than a standard interview.
Who conducted research against the cognitive interview?
Kohnken et al (1999).
What did Kohnken et al (1999) find against the cognitive interview?
Alongside an 81% increase in correct information, there was also a 61% increase in incorrect information when the CI was compared to a standard interview.
Which case studies refer to the Multi-Store Model.
- KF.
- Clive Wearing.
Who’s research refers to the Multi-Store Model?
- Murdock’s (1962) serial position.
- Sperling (1960) sensory register.
Which case studies refer to the Working Memory Model?
- KF.
Who’s research refers to the Working Memory Model?
- Baddeley et al (1975) dual-task.
- Berz (1995) musical memory.
Which case studies refer to the different types of LTM?
Clive Wearing.
Who’s research refers to the different types of LTM?
- Tulving et al (1994) PET scans.
- Belleville et al (2006) Episodic memory training.
Who’s research refers to the explanations of forgetting due to interference?
- McGeogh and McDonalnd (1931) RI - two lists.
- Underwood (1957) PI - a meta-analysis.
Who’s research refers to the explanations of forgetting due to retrieval failure?
- Abernethy (1940) CD - different rooms.
- Godden and Baddeley (1975) CD - scuba divers.
- Smith (1979) - context reinstatement.
- Goodwin et al (1969) SD - intoxication.
Who’s research refers to the effects of leading questions?
- Yuille and Cutshall (1986) - leading questions do not change initial reports.
Who’s research refers to the effects of post-event discussion?
- Bodner et al (2009) negative effects can be reduced.
Who’s research refers to the effects of anxiety?
- Loftus et al (1987) - weapon causes eye movements.
- Christianson & Hubinette (1993) - anxiety increases accuracy.
Who’s research refers to the cognitive interview?
- Kohnken et al (1999) meta-analysis found a 34% increase in correct information.
- Kohnken et al (1999) also found a 61% increase in incorrect information.
