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Psychology - Memory > Statistics / Researchers / Case Studies > Flashcards

Statistics / Researchers / Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the capacity of STM?

A

7 +/- 2 units.

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2
Q

Who conducted research into the capacity of STM?

A

Miller (1956).

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3
Q

What is the duration of STM?

A

18-30 seconds.

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4
Q

Who conducted research into the duration of STM?

A

Peterson and Peterson (1959).

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5
Q

After 3 seconds, what was the percentage of accurate recall of the trigram?

A

90%.

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6
Q

After 18 seconds, what was the percentage of accurate recall of the trigram?

A

2%.

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7
Q

Who conducted research into the duration of LTM?

A

Bahrick et al (1975).

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8
Q

What was the percentage of accurate free recall after 15 years after graduation?

A

60%.

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9
Q

What was the percentage of accurate free recall after 48 years after graduation?

A

30%.

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10
Q

What was the percentage of accurate recognition after 15 years after graduation?

A

90%.

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11
Q

What was the percentage of accurate recognition after 48 years after graduation?

A

70%.

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12
Q

Who conducted research into STM coding?

A

Baddeley (1966).

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13
Q

Who conducted research into LTM coding?

A

Baddeley (1966).

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14
Q

Who proposed the Multi-Store Model of memory?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin.

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15
Q

What year was the Multi-Store Model proposed?

A

1968.

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16
Q

What happened to KF?

A

Suffered brain damage in a motorcycle accident. His verbal STM was damaged, however, his visual STM was mostly unaffected.

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17
Q

Who conducted the serial position research?

A

Murdock (1962).

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18
Q

What model of memory does ‘serial position research’ support?

A

Multi-Store Model.

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19
Q

What happened to Clive Wearing?

A

He contracted a viral infection in his brain. He lost his episodic memory but his procedural memory was unaffected (could still play the piano but had no memories of his wedding).

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20
Q

Who conducted research into the sensory register?

A

Sperling (1960).

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21
Q

Which model of memory does Sperling’s research support?

A

Multi-Store Model.

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22
Q

Which case studies support/disprove the Multi-Store Model?

A
  • KF (strength and weakness).

- Clive Wearing (weakness).

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23
Q

Who proposed the Working Memory Model?

A

Baddeley and Hitch.

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24
Q

What year was the Working Memory Model proposed?

A

1974.

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25
Q

What is the capacity of the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

3-4 items.

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26
Q

Which year was the Episodic Buffer added?

A

2000.

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27
Q

Which case study supports the Working Memory Model?

A

KF.

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28
Q

Who conducted the ‘dual-task’ research?

A

Baddeley et al (1975).

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29
Q

Who conducted research into musical memory?

A

Berz (1995).

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30
Q

Who proposed the different types of long-term memory?

A

Tulving.

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31
Q

What year were the different types of LTM proposed?

A

1985.

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32
Q

Which case study supports the different types of LTM?

A

Clive Wearing.

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33
Q

Who conducted research into brain scan evidence for the different types of LTM?

A

Tulving et al (1994).

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34
Q

Who developed memory training that targets episodic memory in older people?

A

Belleville et al (2006).

35
Q

Who conducted research in support of retroactive interference?

A

McGeogh and McDonald (1931) - one list was learnt with 100% accuracy and a second list was then learnt, then participant had to recall first list.

36
Q

What was the percentage accuracy of recall when the second list consisted of words that had a similar meaning to the first list.

A

12%.

37
Q

Who conducted a meta-analysis in support of proactive interference?

A

Underwood (1957).

38
Q

Who conducted research to support context-dependent forgetting?

A
  • Abernethy (1940) - separate rooms.

- Godden and Baddeley (1975) - scuba-divers.

39
Q

Who showed that thinking of the room that you originally learnt information (context reinstatement) was as effective as being in the same room during retrieval.

A

Smith (1979).

40
Q

Who conducted research in support of state-dependent forgetting?

A

Goodwin et al (1969) - intoxication.

41
Q

Who conducted research into the effects of leading questions?

A

Loftus and Palmer.

42
Q

What year did Loftus and Palmer conduct their research?

A

1974.

43
Q

How many students were in Loftus and Palmer’s study?

A

45.

44
Q

How many films were shown in Loftus and Palmer’s study?

A

7.

45
Q

Which word had the highest mean speed estimate?

A

Smashed.

46
Q

What was the highest mean speed estimate?

A

40.8 mph.

47
Q

Which word had the lowest mean speed estimate?

A

Contacted.

48
Q

What was the lowest mean speed estimate?

A

31.8 mph.

49
Q

Who conducted research against Loftus and Palmer?

A

Yuille and Cutshall (1986).

50
Q

What did Yuille and Cutshall (1986) find?

A

4 months after a real-life robbery in Canada. 13 eyewitnesses were not affected by leading questions and gave the same responses they had given in their initial report.

51
Q

Who conducted research into the effects of post-event discussion?

A

Gabbert et al.

52
Q

What year did Gabbert et al conduct his study?

A

2003.

53
Q

How many participants were in Gabbert et al’s study?

A

120.

54
Q

What percentage of participants mistakenly recalled information they did not witness in the video?

A

71%.

55
Q

In a control group, what percentage of participants recalled incorrect information when there was no post-event discussion.

A

0%.

56
Q

What percentage of participants claimed the girl committed a crime even though they did not witness her committing a crime.

A

60%.

57
Q

Who conducted research in support of Gabbert et al?

A

Bodner et al (2009).

58
Q

What did Bodner et al (2009) find?

A

They found similar effects of post-event discussion; and also found that the negative effects can be reduced if the participants are warned about them.

59
Q

Who conducted research into the weapon-focus effect?

A

Johnson and Scott.

60
Q

What year did Johnson and Scott conduct their research?

A

1976.

61
Q

What percentage of participants identified the correct man who was holding a pen and covered in grease.

A

49%.

62
Q

What percentage of participants identified the correct man who was holding a paperknife covered in blood.

A

33%.

63
Q

Who’s conducted research in support of Johnson and Scott?

A

Loftus et al (1987).

64
Q

What did Loftus et al (1987) find?

A

The presence of a weapon causes eye movements to be drawn to the weapon.

65
Q

Who conducted research against Johnson and Scott?

A

Christianson and Hubinette (1993).

66
Q

What did Christianson and Hubinette (1993) find?

A

Out of 58 real eyewitnesses to a bank robbery, those who were directly threatened had a more accurate recall, even 15 months later.

67
Q

Who developed the cognitive interview?

A

Fischer and Geisleman.

68
Q

Who developed the enhanced cognitive interview?

A

Fischer et al.

69
Q

Who conducted research in support of the cognitive interview?

A

Kohnken et al (1999).

70
Q

What did Kohnken et al (1999) find in support of the cognitive interview?

A

In a meta-analysis, 34% more correct information was generated in a cognitive interview than a standard interview.

71
Q

Who conducted research against the cognitive interview?

A

Kohnken et al (1999).

72
Q

What did Kohnken et al (1999) find against the cognitive interview?

A

Alongside an 81% increase in correct information, there was also a 61% increase in incorrect information when the CI was compared to a standard interview.

73
Q

Which case studies refer to the Multi-Store Model.

A
  • KF.

- Clive Wearing.

74
Q

Who’s research refers to the Multi-Store Model?

A
  • Murdock’s (1962) serial position.

- Sperling (1960) sensory register.

75
Q

Which case studies refer to the Working Memory Model?

A
  • KF.
76
Q

Who’s research refers to the Working Memory Model?

A
  • Baddeley et al (1975) dual-task.

- Berz (1995) musical memory.

77
Q

Which case studies refer to the different types of LTM?

A

Clive Wearing.

78
Q

Who’s research refers to the different types of LTM?

A
  • Tulving et al (1994) PET scans.

- Belleville et al (2006) Episodic memory training.

79
Q

Who’s research refers to the explanations of forgetting due to interference?

A
  • McGeogh and McDonalnd (1931) RI - two lists.

- Underwood (1957) PI - a meta-analysis.

80
Q

Who’s research refers to the explanations of forgetting due to retrieval failure?

A
  • Abernethy (1940) CD - different rooms.
  • Godden and Baddeley (1975) CD - scuba divers.
  • Smith (1979) - context reinstatement.
  • Goodwin et al (1969) SD - intoxication.
81
Q

Who’s research refers to the effects of leading questions?

A
  • Yuille and Cutshall (1986) - leading questions do not change initial reports.
82
Q

Who’s research refers to the effects of post-event discussion?

A
  • Bodner et al (2009) negative effects can be reduced.
83
Q

Who’s research refers to the effects of anxiety?

A
  • Loftus et al (1987) - weapon causes eye movements.

- Christianson & Hubinette (1993) - anxiety increases accuracy.

84
Q

Who’s research refers to the cognitive interview?

A
  • Kohnken et al (1999) meta-analysis found a 34% increase in correct information.
  • Kohnken et al (1999) also found a 61% increase in incorrect information.

Psychology - Memory (10 decks)

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