Statistics / Researchers / Case Studies

Question 1

What is the capacity of STM?

Answer 1

7 +/- 2 units.

Question 2

Who conducted research into the capacity of STM?

Answer 2

Miller (1956).

Question 3

What is the duration of STM?

Answer 3

18-30 seconds.

Question 4

Who conducted research into the duration of STM?

Answer 4

Peterson and Peterson (1959).

Question 5

After 3 seconds, what was the percentage of accurate recall of the trigram?

Answer 5

90%.

Question 6

After 18 seconds, what was the percentage of accurate recall of the trigram?

Answer 6

2%.

Question 7

Who conducted research into the duration of LTM?

Answer 7

Bahrick et al (1975).

Question 8

What was the percentage of accurate free recall after 15 years after graduation?

Answer 8

60%.

Question 9

What was the percentage of accurate free recall after 48 years after graduation?

Answer 9

30%.

Question 10

What was the percentage of accurate recognition after 15 years after graduation?

Answer 10

90%.

Question 11

What was the percentage of accurate recognition after 48 years after graduation?

Answer 11

70%.

Question 12

Who conducted research into STM coding?

Answer 12

Baddeley (1966).

Question 13

Who conducted research into LTM coding?

Answer 13

Baddeley (1966).

Question 14

Who proposed the Multi-Store Model of memory?

Answer 14

Atkinson and Shiffrin.

Question 15

What year was the Multi-Store Model proposed?

Answer 15

1968.

Question 16

What happened to KF?

Answer 16

Suffered brain damage in a motorcycle accident. His verbal STM was damaged, however, his visual STM was mostly unaffected.

Question 17

Who conducted the serial position research?

Answer 17

Murdock (1962).

Question 18

What model of memory does ‘serial position research’ support?

Answer 18

Multi-Store Model.

Question 19

What happened to Clive Wearing?

Answer 19

He contracted a viral infection in his brain. He lost his episodic memory but his procedural memory was unaffected (could still play the piano but had no memories of his wedding).

Question 20

Who conducted research into the sensory register?

Answer 20

Sperling (1960).

Question 21

Which model of memory does Sperling’s research support?

Answer 21

Multi-Store Model.

Question 22

Which case studies support/disprove the Multi-Store Model?

Answer 22

• KF (strength and weakness).

- Clive Wearing (weakness).

Question 23

Who proposed the Working Memory Model?

Answer 23

Baddeley and Hitch.

Question 24

What year was the Working Memory Model proposed?

Answer 24

1974.

Question 25

What is the capacity of the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 25

3-4 items.

Question 26

Which year was the Episodic Buffer added?

Answer 26

2000.

Question 27

Which case study supports the Working Memory Model?

Answer 27

KF.

Question 28

Who conducted the 'dual-task' research?

Answer 28

Baddeley et al (1975).

Question 29

Who conducted research into musical memory?

Answer 29

Berz (1995).

Question 30

Who proposed the different types of long-term memory?

Answer 30

Tulving.

Question 31

What year were the different types of LTM proposed?

Answer 31

1985.

Question 32

Which case study supports the different types of LTM?

Answer 32

Clive Wearing.

Question 33

Who conducted research into brain scan evidence for the different types of LTM?

Answer 33

Tulving et al (1994).

Question 34

Who developed memory training that targets episodic memory in older people?

Answer 34

Belleville et al (2006).

Question 35

Who conducted research in support of retroactive interference?

Answer 35

McGeogh and McDonald (1931) - one list was learnt with 100% accuracy and a second list was then learnt, then participant had to recall first list.

Question 36

What was the percentage accuracy of recall when the second list consisted of words that had a similar meaning to the first list.

Answer 36

12%.

Question 37

Who conducted a meta-analysis in support of proactive interference?

Answer 37

Underwood (1957).

Question 38

Who conducted research to support context-dependent forgetting?

Answer 38

- Abernethy (1940) - separate rooms. | - Godden and Baddeley (1975) - scuba-divers.

Question 39

Who showed that thinking of the room that you originally learnt information (context reinstatement) was as effective as being in the same room during retrieval.

Answer 39

Smith (1979).

Question 40

Who conducted research in support of state-dependent forgetting?

Answer 40

Goodwin et al (1969) - intoxication.

Question 41

Who conducted research into the effects of leading questions?

Answer 41

Loftus and Palmer.

Question 42

What year did Loftus and Palmer conduct their research?

Answer 42

1974.

Question 43

How many students were in Loftus and Palmer's study?

Answer 43

45.

Question 44

How many films were shown in Loftus and Palmer's study?

Answer 44

7.

Question 45

Which word had the highest mean speed estimate?

Answer 45

Smashed.

Question 46

What was the highest mean speed estimate?

Answer 46

40.8 mph.

Question 47

Which word had the lowest mean speed estimate?

Answer 47

Contacted.

Question 48

What was the lowest mean speed estimate?

Answer 48

31.8 mph.

Question 49

Who conducted research against Loftus and Palmer?

Answer 49

Yuille and Cutshall (1986).

Question 50

What did Yuille and Cutshall (1986) find?

Answer 50

4 months after a real-life robbery in Canada. 13 eyewitnesses were not affected by leading questions and gave the same responses they had given in their initial report.

Question 51

Who conducted research into the effects of post-event discussion?

Answer 51

Gabbert et al.

Question 52

What year did Gabbert et al conduct his study?

Answer 52

2003.

Question 53

How many participants were in Gabbert et al's study?

Answer 53

120.

Question 54

What percentage of participants mistakenly recalled information they did not witness in the video?

Answer 54

71%.

Question 55

In a control group, what percentage of participants recalled incorrect information when there was no post-event discussion.

Answer 55

0%.

Question 56

What percentage of participants claimed the girl committed a crime even though they did not witness her committing a crime.

Answer 56

60%.

Question 57

Who conducted research in support of Gabbert et al?

Answer 57

Bodner et al (2009).

Question 58

What did Bodner et al (2009) find?

Answer 58

They found similar effects of post-event discussion; and also found that the negative effects can be reduced if the participants are warned about them.

Question 59

Who conducted research into the weapon-focus effect?

Answer 59

Johnson and Scott.

Question 60

What year did Johnson and Scott conduct their research?

Answer 60

1976.

Question 61

What percentage of participants identified the correct man who was holding a pen and covered in grease.

Answer 61

49%.

Question 62

What percentage of participants identified the correct man who was holding a paperknife covered in blood.

Answer 62

33%.

Question 63

Who's conducted research in support of Johnson and Scott?

Answer 63

Loftus et al (1987).

Question 64

What did Loftus et al (1987) find?

Answer 64

The presence of a weapon causes eye movements to be drawn to the weapon.

Question 65

Who conducted research against Johnson and Scott?

Answer 65

Christianson and Hubinette (1993).

Question 66

What did Christianson and Hubinette (1993) find?

Answer 66

Out of 58 real eyewitnesses to a bank robbery, those who were directly threatened had a more accurate recall, even 15 months later.

Question 67

Who developed the cognitive interview?

Answer 67

Fischer and Geisleman.

Question 68

Who developed the enhanced cognitive interview?

Answer 68

Fischer et al.

Question 69

Who conducted research in support of the cognitive interview?

Answer 69

Kohnken et al (1999).

Question 70

What did Kohnken et al (1999) find in support of the cognitive interview?

Answer 70

In a meta-analysis, 34% more correct information was generated in a cognitive interview than a standard interview.

Question 71

Who conducted research against the cognitive interview?

Answer 71

Kohnken et al (1999).

Question 72

What did Kohnken et al (1999) find against the cognitive interview?

Answer 72

Alongside an 81% increase in correct information, there was also a 61% increase in incorrect information when the CI was compared to a standard interview.

Question 73

Which case studies refer to the Multi-Store Model.

Answer 73

- KF. | - Clive Wearing.

Question 74

Who's research refers to the Multi-Store Model?

Answer 74

- Murdock's (1962) serial position. | - Sperling (1960) sensory register.

Question 75

Which case studies refer to the Working Memory Model?

Answer 75

- KF.

Question 76

Who's research refers to the Working Memory Model?

Answer 76

- Baddeley et al (1975) dual-task. | - Berz (1995) musical memory.

Question 77

Which case studies refer to the different types of LTM?

Answer 77

Clive Wearing.

Question 78

Who's research refers to the different types of LTM?

Answer 78

- Tulving et al (1994) PET scans. | - Belleville et al (2006) Episodic memory training.

Question 79

Who's research refers to the explanations of forgetting due to interference?

Answer 79

- McGeogh and McDonalnd (1931) RI - two lists. | - Underwood (1957) PI - a meta-analysis.

Question 80

Who's research refers to the explanations of forgetting due to retrieval failure?

Answer 80

- Abernethy (1940) CD - different rooms. - Godden and Baddeley (1975) CD - scuba divers. - Smith (1979) - context reinstatement. - Goodwin et al (1969) SD - intoxication.

Question 81

Who's research refers to the effects of leading questions?

Answer 81

- Yuille and Cutshall (1986) - leading questions do not change initial reports.

Question 82

Who's research refers to the effects of post-event discussion?

Answer 82

- Bodner et al (2009) negative effects can be reduced.

Question 83

Who's research refers to the effects of anxiety?

Answer 83

- Loftus et al (1987) - weapon causes eye movements. | - Christianson & Hubinette (1993) - anxiety increases accuracy.

Question 84

Who's research refers to the cognitive interview?

Answer 84

- Kohnken et al (1999) meta-analysis found a 34% increase in correct information. - Kohnken et al (1999) also found a 61% increase in incorrect information.