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Psychology C2 > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

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1
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

used to describe/summarise the characteristics of a sample or set of data
- such as variables, mean, standard deviation or frequency

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2
Q

MEAN

A

MoCT
> most sensitive measure- exact distance between all values of data
X distorted by extreme values- less representative
X not NOMINAL data or discrete value (1.7 legs)

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3
Q

MEDIAN

A

MoCT
- middle value ordered in list
> ORDINAL data can be used
> not affected by extreme scores
X not as sensitive- exact values not reflected because not all data is used

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4
Q

MODE

A

MoCT
- most frequent occurring value in a set of scores
> discrete data, NOMINAL data can be used, not affected by extreme values
X not useful when there are several modes

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5
Q

RANGE

A

MoD
- arithmetic distance between top and bottom values
- customary to ADD 1
> identifies how spread out the data is- accounts for end values of data set
> extreme results, can’t see the distribution between numbers

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6
Q

STANDARD DEVIATION

A

MoD
- measures the spread out of the set of numbers, in effect the average distance of each number from the mean
> precise measure of dispersion
> all values taken into account
> know if the numbers are closely grouped or spread out
> not as affected by extreme results
X may hide characteristics- extreme values- indicates how far each value id rather than looking at values at each end of a data set

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7
Q

NORMAL distribution

A

BELL CURVE
- mean, median, mode are all in the exacts mid-point
- the distribution is symmetrical around this mid-point

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8
Q

SKEWED distribution

A
  • the mode and the mean are NOT THE SAME SCORE
    POSITIVE SKEW
  • few extreme scores affect mean
  • mean always HIGHER than the median and mode
  • most scores towards the low end
    NEGATIVE SKEW
  • the mean is BELOW the median and mode
  • if marks were plotted for an exam which was very easy so most people got a very high score
    50= mean 80= mode
    LEFT FOOT NEGATIVE RIGHT FOOT POSITIVE
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9
Q

All graphs need

A
  • a title
  • y axis title (DV)
  • x axis title (IV)
  • plot of graph
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10
Q

Histogram

A
  • data should start from 0
  • bars should be touching
  • IV is numerical = CONTINUOUS
    > interval OR ratio
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11
Q

Line graph

A
  • show information is connected
  • change in performance over time
  • date must be continuous
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12
Q

Pie chart

A
  • shows FREQUENCY data
  • each slice = proportion of category
  • total pie is 100%
  • NOMINAL data
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13
Q

Scatter diagram

A
  • only for correlations
  • paired numerical data want to determine whether 2 co-variables are related
  • positive, negative, uncorrelated
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14
Q

Bar chart

A
  • data on the x axis = NOT CONTINUOUS
  • usually in categories
  • spaces between each bar
  • NOMINAL
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15
Q

Frequency table

A
  • may be given table containing raw data
  • or MoCT
  • mean, median, mode
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16
Q

Inferential statistics

A

infers probability and whether results are due to chance
are the significant?

17
Q

Probability

A

5% chance of error or external cause or chance
95% certainty of results due to real change

18
Q

When would you use p<_0.01?

A

1) testing a new medication
2) challenging established research

19
Q

Significant result

A

not due to chance
- accept alternative and reject null

20
Q

non-significant result

A

due to chance or other cause
- accept null and reject alternative

21
Q

Observed value GREATER than critical value

A

Chi-squaRed
SpeaRman’s Rho

22
Q

Observed value LESS than critical value

A
  • wilcoxon
  • sign
  • mann whitney u
23
Q

How to calculate SD

A

1) calculate the mean of each data set
2) take away the mean from each value in the data set
3) square this number
4) add all of these numbers together- sum of squared differences
5) divide this by n-1 9number of Ps involved|)
6) square root your final answer

24
Q

Abstract

A
  • snapshot of important info
  • overview of Ps, procedures, results, conclusions etc
25
Q

Introduction

A
  • overview of previous research
  • start broad then funnel to your specific study
  • aims and hypothesis should leas on logically
26
Q

Method

A
  • detailed description on what they did, enough detail another person could replicate so include conclusions
27
Q

Results

A
  • what you found
  • qualitative or quantitative data
  • quantitative analysed with descriptive or inferential statistics
28
Q

Discussion

A
  • conclude
  • compare to previous research - does it support or refute?
  • evaluate- methodological issues, solutions, give prompts for future research
29
Q

Reference

A
  • full detail/ titles of all journals and book references used in the report
30
Q

Appendix

A
  • supplements
  • include anything to long to include in main body of text
    -e.g raw data, material used
31
Q

The peer review process

A
  • scrutinised by other experts in that field
    1) study/ write about results
    2) journal editor receives
    3) peers review article and provide feedback
    4) if it doesn’t maintain scientific standards it is rejected
32
Q

What is the purpose of a peer review?

A

1) ALLOCATION OF RESEARCH FUNDING
- spend responsibly, decide what is worthwhile
2) PUBLICATION IN RESEARCH JOURNALS & BOOKS
- prevent any incorrect or faulty data entering the public domain
3) ASSESSING RESEARCH RATINGS OF UNI DEPARTMENTS
- funding depends on good ratings from previous REF peer reviews

33
Q

Advantages of peer reviews

A

> validity/accuracy
further funding to make more improvements
problems highlighted
upholds principles of science and prevents fraud#
adds credibility to the research and field of study

34
Q

Disadvantages of peer reviews

A

X takes time - delays research publication
X hard to find an expert
X peers bring their own bias
X conflict of interest
X publication bias- ‘file drawer effect’ - nulls never published

Psychology C2 (7 decks)

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