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Psychology C2 > Personal Investigations 2 > Flashcards

Personal Investigations 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study for Personal Investigations 2?

A

A correlational study involving the Stroop Test

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2
Q

What is a correlation study?

A

Used to analyse the relationship or association between two continuous co-variables
- a scatter graph/diagram can be used to illustrate correlations
- the closer the coefficient is to 0, the weaker the co-efficient.
- the closer it is to 1 whether that be +1 or -1, the stronger the correlation

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3
Q

What is the Stroop Test?

A

It is the delay in reaction time between automatic and controlled processing of information.
It can be used to measure a persons attention capacity and skills, processing speed, and evaluate processing abilities

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4
Q

What is the background research for personal investigation 2?

A

TIDIKIS AND ASH (2018)
- found that Stroop Test performance was better in those who were more creative (completed stroop test quicker)

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5
Q

What is the further background research for Personal Investigations 2?

A

EDL ET AL (2014)
- design students showed strong cognitive control as indicated by the absence of a Stroop interference effect, and performed generally better (faster) on the Stroop task than students in the control group did.

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6
Q

What were the 2 co-variables of Personal Investagtion 2?

A

1) Creativity scores on the Kellogg creativity questionnaire, out of 116
2) Time taken (sec) to accurately complete the Stroop test

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7
Q

What were the confounding variables and how did we control for them?
P2

A

Colourblind/poor eye vision- remove people wearing glasses
Sleep- ensure all P’s have has the same amount of sleep the night before
Experience- only those who have not done the Stroop Test to avoid order effects
ADHD, dyslexia or any other diagnosed conditions that already effect- remove from taking part

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8
Q

What were the extraneous variables and how did we control for them?
P2

A

Noise- move to a silent room so there’s no distraction
Time of day- ask everyone at the same time
Temperature- affects concentration- room temp, cold day
Screen Brightness- all set at 80%

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9
Q

What is the operationalised alternative hypothesis?
P2

A

There will be a negative correlation between the time taken (secs) on the Stroop Test and the creativity scores. As creativity increases, the time taken on the Stroop Test will decrease.

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10
Q

Is the hypothesis directional or non-directional, why?
P2

A

A directional hypothesis because previous research suggests creativity improves performance on the Stroop Test

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11
Q

What is the null hypothesis?
P2

A

There will be no correlation between time taken (secs) on The Stroop Test and creativity scores.

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12
Q

What are the strengths of a correlational study?
P2

A
  • can be used when a study is not possible if it is impractical or unethical
  • quicker than an experiment
  • see if 2 things are related to one another to see if researchers can study them
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13
Q

What are the weaknesses of a correlational study?
P2

A
  • low internal and external validity
  • cannot establish a cause and effect relationship as there may be a 3rd (intervening variable)
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14
Q

What sampling methos is used for P2 and how is it carried out?

A

OPPORTUNITY SAMPLING
- selecting those available at the time, who are willing to participate
- we approached classes and asked if those available had 5 minutes to complete the study

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15
Q

What are the strengths of opportunity sampling?
P2

A
  • quicker and easier than systematic or stratified as they required a sampling frame which we could not get access to due to confidentiality and safeguarding e.g. school registers
  • took less time to obtain a list
  • impossible to conduct other methods
  • could not get access
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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of opportunity sampling?

A
  • may take longer if no one wants to participate
  • teachers nay not give access to students in their lesson
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17
Q

Why was privacy an ethical issue for p2?

A
  • people may feel offended by scores as a privacy invasion
    = scores are not shared
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18
Q

How did you ensure confidentiality in p2?

A

Ps will be generated a unique code using their birthday and house number

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19
Q

Was there deception in your p2 study?

A

NO- aims were shared in the consent forms

20
Q

How did you give Ps the right to withdraw?

A

Could email Miss Gagen with their unique code and ask for their data to be withdrawn, given 48 hours after partaking
- in brief and consent form, debrief

21
Q

How did you overcome the issue of informed consent?

A
  • Miss Deeney had consented on their behalf, not make anyone participate, ask them beforehand- proxy for U16
22
Q

How did you protect Ps from risk of stress, anxiety etc?

A
  • reassure that scores are not shared, remain anonymous- sensitive with information
  • not judges on their score
  • embarrassed or frustrated by their score they are redirected yo website and support in debrief
23
Q

How can you ensure internal reliability is high in your own experiment?

A

> You could use the test retest method to ensure the Ps answers remain the same
Spilt half method - compare both halves of scores/questions to make sure they are consistent throughout

24
Q

How could you check for external reliability?
P2

A

Predictive validity- do the results reflect your hypothesis
Temporal- take the test again to see if the results change over time

25
Q

How could you check your p2 has internal validity?

A

Concurrent validity- check with pre-existing measures and see if the results of your study are in agreement with other methods/studies

26
Q

How might social desirability bias affect your research in P2?

A

Ps may want to appear more or less creative so change their answers in the test to alter their score/ test results
= reassure that results are kept anonymous and they will not be judged based off this

27
Q

What were the results on descriptive statistics?
P2

A

MEAN
CS- 52.64
ST- 26.03
MEDIAN
CS- 53.5
ST- 26.5
MODE
CS- 62
ST- NO MODE
RANGE
CS- 33
ST- 23.08
STANDARD DEVIATION
CS- 9.78
ST- 6.35

28
Q

Could you use the mean for your research in P2?

A

YES- necessary for further statistical analysis- SD
- our data is ratio level (at least ordinal)
NO- influenced by anomalous results

29
Q

Could you use the median in your research for P2?

A

YES- not influenced by anomalous results, always be found with ordinal data or above
NO- not useful in further statistical analysis

30
Q

Could you use the mode for your study in P2?

A

NO- there is no mode for the Stroop test and no one got the exact same time
- would not display an occurring central value if the distribution is skewed

31
Q

Could you use the range in your study for p2?

A

YES- relatively easy to calculate compared to SD, gives indication about the reliability/consistency of the data
NO- affected by anomalous results which affects validity

32
Q

Could you use standard deviation for your study in p2?

A

YES- more sophisticates measure of dispersion, reflects the every score unlike the range
NO- time-consuming, misleading with anomalies, not all scores within 1 SD

33
Q

What graph would you use to plot your data from P2?

A

Scatter graph- no IV or DV
- only co-variables that appear on each axis
- correlation

34
Q

What is the title for the scatter graph?
P2

A

A graph to show a relationship between creativity scores out of 116 and time taken (secs) on the Stroop Test

35
Q

What are the 3 steps taken to decide which statistical test is appropriate?

A

1) Test for difference or relationship?
2) What is the design of the study?
3) What level of measurement is used?

36
Q

What statistical test is used for P2?

A

Spearmans Rho

37
Q

Why do we use Spearmans Rho in P2?

A

1) relationship
2) correlation
3) data is ratio- (at least ordinal)

38
Q

What is the observed value?
P2

A

-0.16

39
Q

What does -0.16 mean?

A
  • weak, negative correlation co-efficient
40
Q

For results to be significant what does the observed value have to be?
P2

A

gReater than the critical value

41
Q

What was the critical value P2?

A

0.464

42
Q

Were the results significant?
P2

A

NO- the observed value is less than the critical value so the results are non-significant because for this test, the observed value had to be greater than the critical value (one tailed test, p<0.05)

43
Q

Which hypothesis do we accept?
P2

A

We accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis.

44
Q

What is the conclusion for p2?

A

In conclusion, our results indicate that there was a weak correlation between stroop test performance and creativity scores. However, inferential statistics show that this correlation is not significant. Therefore, any relationship is likely due to chance.

45
Q

Ways to improve p2?

A

Location- noisy corridors distracted Ps- EV
= book a quiet room to conduct study in a quiet environment we can control, improve validity
Protection from harm- remain anonymous , won’t be judged or leaked
Validity- concurrent- agree with other studies
Reliability- standardised procedures

Psychology C2 (7 decks)

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