Statistics Flashcards

Question

Calculated value must be equal to or less than the critical value

Answer 1

Sign test Mann whitney U Wilcoxons (NO R)

Answer 2

Chi squared Spearmans rho Unrelated t test Related test Pearsons r (R)

Answer 3

- Testing difference - With nominal data - When the experimenter used repeated measures

Answer 4

When the researcher has used a lenient P value and thinks the results are significant when they are actually due to chance. So they wrongly accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null

Answer 5

When the researcher has used a stringent P value and thinks their results are not significant when they could be. So they wrongly accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative

Answer 6

The difference is that in a type I error the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true whereas in a type II error the null hypothesis is accepted when it is false

Answer 7

P<0.05 strikes a balance between the risk of making the type I and type II error. Its a conventional significance level

Answer 8

Compare the calculated/observed value to the critical from a more stringent P value. If the results are still significant there has not been a type I error

Answer 9

Compare the calculated/observed value to a critical value from a more lenient p value. If the results are still not significant then the researcher has not made a type II error

Answer 10

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Method results 4. Discussion 5. Referencing

Answer 11

This allow the reader to gain an overview of the study and help them decide whether they want to read on

Answer 12

A summary of the study covering the aims, hypotheses, method, results and conclusions. It is the first part of the psychology report. Abstracts are reported in a single paragraph of 150-250 words

Answer 13

It begins by describing previous research in the area described. Links are made with previous research or it is made clear how the current research will add to the previous. Intro ends with the researcher stating the aims and hypotheses of the research

Answer 14

Gives background on relevant theories and studies to explain how aims and hypothesis developed

Answer 15

Gives a detailed description of what the researcher did, should provide enough detail for replication of the study

Answer 16

**Sampling method** - how many took part and info about ppts (age job gender) **Procedure**- written like a recipe with the exact order of events including any standardised instructions **Equipment**- details of any materials and apparatus used **Ethics**- significant ethical issues and how they were dealt with **Design**- design decisions should be justified

Answer 17

To present the overall summary of the findings to the reader rather than reviewing the raw data

Answer 18

**Descriptive statistics**- tables and graphs showing frequencies and measures of central tendency and dispersion **Inferential statistics**- stat tests are reported and calculated values and significance levels are detailed For any qualitative research, categories and themes are described along with examples

Answer 19

This section discusses the findings and suggests possible uses and future areas of research

Answer 20

**Summary of results-** written desc of stat results focusing on whether the hypothesis was supported **Compare with other results-** explain whether findings supports results of studies in intro **Limitations and modifications-** evaluate present research methods and procedures and explain how this could be improved if repeated **Implications and future research-** explain how the findings could be used and any potential follow up studies that could be conducted

Answer 21

Psychological research papers, before publication, are subjected to independent scrutiny by other psychologists working in a similar field who consider the research in terms of validity, significance and originality

Answer 22

Acts as a gatekeeper to filter out flawed or unscientific research

Answer 23

Assessment of appropriateness of methods and designs used Reviewer can accept, accept if improvements are made or reject research Editor of the journal will make the final decision on whether to publish the research based on comments of reviewer

Answer 24

Ensure quality and relevance of research Ensures published research can be taken seriously because it has been scrutinised Determines funding

Answer 25

1. Fraud- peer review has failed to identify fraudulent research before publication 2. Values- impossible to separate from personal, cultural or political views 3. Bias- institution bias- favour research from prestigious unis Gender bias- tendency to favour male researchers 4. Anonymity- may use anonymity as a way of criticising rival reviewers

Answer 26

•Theory construction • Hypothesis testing • Empirical methods • Paradigm • Replicablity • Objectivity • Falsification

Answer 27

Explanation for describing a phenomenon based on observations about the world, theories help us to understand and predict things around us Allow us to make a prediction and create a hypothesis and test it empirically, can use to support or refine our original theory

Answer 28

All hypotheses should be testable and falsifiable Allows us to refine theories through acceptance or rejection of an experimental or null hypothesis

Answer 29

Info gained through direct observation or experiment rather than opinion

Answer 30

Where scientific disciples have a shared set of assumptions and methods Psych lacks a universally accepted paradigm eg behaviourism, cog approach

Answer 31

Where there is a revolutionary change in scientific assumptions where the old paradigm is replaced with a new one Eg the move away from behavioural psych to cognitive psych in early 1960s

Answer 32

Repeat the research using the same methods/procedure to check for similiar findings Procedures must be operationalised and detailed to do this Allows us to check findings are externally findings Psychologists test a different group to see if similiar behaviour is observed Increases generalisability

Answer 33

Research is not affected by the expectations of the researcher Using factual measurements and measurable data or controlled condition to reduce subjectivity

Answer 34

The ability to be able to prove a theory wrong A testable hypothesis should include an alternative hypothesis and a null hypothesis

Answer 35

Lead to a reductionist viewpoint Lead to prac apps Some approaches/theories cannot be falsified

Answer 36

- absence from work costs economy over £15billion a year - a third of all absences are due to mild and moderate mental health conditions eg stress and depression -psychological research into effective treatments can have a huge benefit on the economy Eg research has found combining drug therapy with psychological therapies such as CBT is more effective for treating depression

Answer 37

-reduce strain on NHS as less individuals will be referred for treatment -however combined treatment is more expensive reducing benefit especially if a large amount of people need it

Answer 38

Research into multiple attachments has shifted the importance of the mother on child rearing and development to more shared parenting Increasing the importance of fathers involvement in child rearing Research has found both parents are equally capable of providing the emotional support necessary for a child to have healthy psychological development

Answer 39

Fathers are now entitled to shared paternity leave which costs economy as it is gvmt funded Also costs employers as they may have to hire somebody else However due flexible working hours within the family it is the norm in lots of household that both parents earn money and maximise their income to contribute to the economy by working and paying taxes