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Psychology Research Methods > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Wundt and why is he significant?

A

Wundt is known as the father of psychology.
He set up the first psychology lab in Germany in 1879.
Published one of the first books on psychology and helped to establish the subject as an independent branch of science.

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2
Q

What did Wundt do?

A

He used controlled environments to establish general theories about mental processes.
He used scientific methods to study the structure of sensation and perception using introspection.

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3
Q

Define introspection

A

‘Investigating internal events by examining conscious thoughts and feelings’

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4
Q

Describe introspection

A

Focuses on present experiences
Wundt- individual focuses on an object, whilst listening to a stimulus, looking inwards and noticing sensations, feelings and images.

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5
Q

One assumption of psychodynamic approach.

A

Behaviour is due to unconscious motives

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6
Q

Feature one of the psychodynamic approach

A

The role of the unconscious

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7
Q

Describe the role of the unconscious

A

Conscious- part of the mind we are aware of
Preconscious- below conscious, includes thoughts and ideas which maybe become aware during dreams and ‘slips of the tongue’
Unconscious- unaware of- biological drives and instincts and threatening and disturbing memories which have been repressed or forgotten but continue to drive out behaviour.

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8
Q

Feature 2 of psychodynamic approach

A

The structure of personality

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9
Q

Roles of the id

A

Id-pleasure principle
Unconscious part of mind
Only present at birth
Focus on self and expects immediate gratification
Too overpowering= selfish personality

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10
Q

Role of the ego

A

Reality principle
Rational and conscious part of mind
Forms from 18months to 3years
Balances demands and conflicts of ideas and superego by using defence mechanisms

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11
Q

Role of superego

A

Morality principle
Forms between 3-6years
Arises through identification with same sex parent
Internalised sense of right and wrong
Based on parental values
Too overpowering= anxious personality or guilt

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12
Q

Feature 3 of psychodynamic approach

A

Defence mechanisms

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13
Q

Role/ purpose of defence mechanisms

A

Ego has a difficult job balancing demands of superego and id, uses defence mechanisms
Unconscious and stop the ego becoming overwhelmed
Overuse can affect behaviour and distort reality

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14
Q

Definition/ role of repression

A

Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious to the unconscious
Eg forgetting trauma of pet dying

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15
Q

Definition/ role of denial

A

Refusing to acknowledge an unpleasant aspect of reality
Eg , continuing to turn up to work after being sacked

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16
Q

Definition/ role of displacement

A

Transferring feelings from the true source of distressing emotion onto a less threatening substitute target
Eg slamming the door after an argument

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17
Q

Feature 4 of psychodynamic approach

A

Psychosexual stages

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18
Q

5 developmental stages (Freud)

A

Oral (0-1), Anal (1-3), Phallic (3-5), Latency (6-12), Genital (12)

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19
Q

Describe oral stage

A

0-1years
Gratification for id is gained from the mouth
Eg dummies, thumb sucking

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20
Q

Consequence of unresolved conflict at oral stage

A

Oral fixation- smoking, biting nails, sarcastic and critical in the future

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21
Q

Describe the anal stage

A

1-3 years
Gratification for the id is gained from the anus such as expulsion or withholding faeces

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22
Q

Consequence of unresolved conflict at anal stage

A

Anal retentive personality- perfectionist, obsessive
Anal expulsive personality- thoughtlessness, messy

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23
Q

Describe phallic stage

A

3-5years
Gratification for id is gained from exploring own genitals
Needs to identify with same sex parent and take on their values (if not become fixated)

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24
Q

Consequence of unresolved conflict at phallic stage

A

Phallic personality- narcissistic, reckless and problems with authority

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25
Q

Describe latency stage

A

6-12 years
Earlier conflicts are repressed

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26
Q

Describe genital stage

A

12 years
Sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty

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27
Q

Consequence of unresolved conflict at genital stage

A

Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

28
Q

One assumption of the learning approach- behaviourism

A

Humans are born as a blank slate

29
Q

Feature one of learning approach- behaviourism

A

Classical conditioning pavlovs theory

30
Q

Describe classical conditioning feature

A

Pavlov explained how behaviour is learnt through stimulus response association

Learning a NS paired with with UCS that produces UCR, if this is repeated the individual associates the NS with the UCS and the NS becomes UCS which creates UCR

31
Q

Describe pavlovs research

A

UCS- food
UCR- salivation
NS- bell
Dogs were presented with food and pavlov rang a bell at the same time, he repeated this and the dogs learnt to associate food with bell
Bell came CS which caused CR of salivation

32
Q

Feature 2 of learning approach- behaviourism

A

Operant conditioning

33
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

Learn behaviour through rewards and punishment
Skinner- behaviour is influenced by consequences of own actions

34
Q

What are the types of reinforcement

A

Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement

35
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

When a reward is given for a behaviour, this behaviour is encouraged so the behaviour is repeated to gain the same reward

36
Q

What is positive reinforcement in Skinners research

A

Hungry rat in skinners box
Every time the rat pressed the lever the rat was rewarded with food
Behaviour was repeated as the rat was conditioned to press the lever through positive reinforcement to get the same outcome

37
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Performing a behaviour to remove and unpleasant consequence so the behaviour is repeated to avoid the unpleasant consequence

38
Q

What is negative reinforcement in Skinners research

A

Skinner ran an electrical current across the floor which caused the rat discomfort, the rat would move around until it knocked the lever which would stop the current. The rat would repeat this behaviour as they learnt that pressing the lever would avoid the unpleasant consequence

39
Q

One assumption of the humanistic approach

A

All humans can determine their own behaviour and have free will

40
Q

Feature one of humanistic approach

A

Free will

41
Q

Describe feature one- free will

A

Humanism argues free will is possible
Humans are self determining so our behaviour is due to own choices and we can reject ant internal or external influences

42
Q

Feature 2 of humanistic approach

A

Self actualisation

43
Q

Define self actualisation

A

Maslow- hierarchy of needs

Self actualisation- for personal growth

Esteem needs- respect of others(achievement and confidence)

Love needs- family and friends

Safety needs- home, job, health

Physiological needs- survival (food,water)

44
Q

Feature 3 of humanistic approach

A

The self, conditions of worth and congruence

45
Q

Describe self

A

Actual self- how we view ourselves in terms of what we are and can do
Comes from own experiences of world and people
Ideal self- person we feel we should be or want to be

46
Q

Describe congruence

A

Congruence occurs when there is a match between perceived self and ideal self
When there is a mismatch between percieved and ideal we are in a state of incongruence
Likely to have low self worth and poor psychological health

47
Q

Describe conditions of worth

A

If a person has issues of low self esteem and worthlessness as an adult this could be consequences of childhood
Parents or significant others placing limits on love
“Proud if u pass exams”
Can lead to incongruence

48
Q

One assumption of learning approach - SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

A

SLT suggests learning is through observing a model and imitating a model

49
Q

One feature of social learning theory

A

Observational learning

50
Q

Describe observational learning

A

Identification- where an individual associates themself to a role model due to similarity and wants to be like them
Imitation is used to describe when an individual observes role model behaviour and copies it
Vicarious reinforcement- sees role model rewarded for behaviour increases chanve of imitation for same reward

51
Q

What does observational learning lead to

A

Modelling- process of imitating the behaviour of a role model

52
Q

Feature 2 of social learning theory

A

Four meditational processes (ARRM)

53
Q

What are 4 meditational processes (ARRM)

A

Attention- learning occurs when they attend to a models behaviour
Retention- to reproduce modelled behaviour must store memory of this in LTM, info must be easy to store and observed repeatedly
Reproduction- must have skills and capabilities to be confident to reproduce models behaviour, more likely if behaviour is easy to replicate
Motivation/ reinforcements- may be motivated to imitate the behaviour because they have seen someone else rewarded for the behaviour or because they identify with model

54
Q

Banduras study

A

Bobo doll
Controlled environment
2 conditions- aggressive , non aggressive
Aggressive- hitting on head with mallet, verbal aggression

70% of children un non aggressive grouos had 0 ratungs of aggressuon
Agressive condition- higher aggression scores

55
Q

One assumption of biological approach

A

All human behaviour is at first biological, the mind lives in the brain

56
Q

One feature of biological approach

A

Influence of genes in behaviour

57
Q

Describe influence of genes on behaviour

A

Behavioural characteristics are genetically inherited, behaviours run in families
Due to inheritance of one or many maladaptive genes eg SERT
Closer the genetic link the greater the risk
Genetic probability is measured by concordance rates
Monozygotic- 87%
Dizygotic- 47%

58
Q

Define genotype

A

A genotype is a specific set of genes that an individual has inherited from biological parents and is unique to them

59
Q

Define phenotype

A

Product of what happens when the genotype interacts with the environment. How our genes are expressed through physical, behaviour and psychological characteristics, observable traits or behaviours shown by an individual

60
Q

Feature 2 of biological approach

A

Influence of biological structures on behaviour

61
Q

Describe influence of biological structures on behaviour

A

Biological structure is an organ eg brain
Brain is one biologicals structure which can influence behavuoyr
Abnormalities in size, shape or function can lead to certain behaviours
Enlarged ventricles in brain can increase likelihood of schizophrenia

62
Q

Feature 3 of biological approach

A

The influence of neurochemistry on behaviour

63
Q

Describe influence of neurochemistry

A

Neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger in the brain which passes info from one synapse to another to produce behaviour
Imbalance can cause abnormal behaviour
Imbalance of neurotransmitter dopamine is linked with SZ
Imbalance of serotonin is linked with anxiety, depression and OCD

64
Q

Feature 4 of biological approach

A

Evolution and behaviour

65
Q

Describe evolution and behaviour

A

Charles Darwin- natural selection
Any genetically determined behaviour that increases an individual’s chances of survival and reproduction will be passed to future generations eg aggression
Being aggressive will at some point have been advantageous in terms of survival and reproduction

Psychology Research Methods (6 decks)

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