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eppp > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

AB Design

A

Single-subject research design involving one baseline phase
(A) and one treatment phase (B).

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2
Q

Alpha Level

A

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is
true; i.e., the probability of making a Type I error. Its value
is set by the researcher prior to data collection or analysis.

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3
Q

ANCOVA

A

Analysis of Covariance; an analysis of variance which
allows for the statistical control of one or more than one
unstudied but related variables. For example, in studying
various types of reading programs for different aged
children, the effect of the chi

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4
Q

ANOVA

A

Analysis of variance. A statistical test for at least one
independent variable and one dependent variable. Includes
one-way ANOVA (for one independent variable) and
factorial ANOVA (for two or more independent variables).
The factorial ANOVA allows the ex

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5
Q

Case Study

A

The in-depth study of a single unit of investigation (e.g.,
individual, community, institution). From an experimental
viewpoint, case studies are primarily useful to identify
variables for future research

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6
Q

Chi-Square Test

A

Statistical hypothesis test used with nominal (categorical)
data. Assesses the probability that observed frequencies
within categories significantly differ from what is expected
under the null hypothesis.

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7
Q

Coefficient Of Determination

A

The square of the correlation coefficient; indicates the
percentage of variability shared by two variables.

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8
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Differences between subjects of cross-sectional research that
have to do with experience rather than with age. Cohort
effects threaten the conclusion that observed differences
between subjects are related to age.

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9
Q

Confounding Variable

A

An extraneous, uncontrolled variable, the effects of which
can’t be separated from those of the independent variable.

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10
Q

Control Group

A

In a research study, the comparison group that is not exposed
to the “active” level of the independent variable; i.e., a
“no-treatment” or placebo group

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11
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical index ranging from -1.00 and +1.00 which
expresses how closely two variables are related to each
other. The coefficient can be either positive or negative. The
types of correlation coefficients include (among others)
Pearson r, Spearman’s rh

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12
Q

Correlational Research

A

The type of investigation in which variables are measured
only, not manipulated, in order to determine the relationships
among these variables

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13
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Method used in repeated measures designs to control for
order effects. Involves dividing the subjects into groups and
then administering the treatments in a different order for
each group

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14
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

Research design in which a sample of individuals
representative of several dimensions of the population is
assessed at the same time. For instance, in studying the
effects of age, the design might include young, middle-aged,
and older subjects

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15
Q

Cross-Sequential Researc

A

Research in which individuals representing several different
age groups are studied over a period of time.
Cross-sequential research combines the methodologies of
cross-sectional and longitudinal research and reduces the
problems associated with both

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16
Q

Cross-Validation

A

Process of re-establishing a test’s criterion-related validity,
by determining how valid its items are for a new sample of
test takers. Usually, the validity coefficient “shrinks” upon
cross-validation.

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17
Q

Degrees Of Freedom

A

A value used in the calculation of values yielded by
statistical hypotheses tests; reflects the number of scores that,
given a fixed value (e.g., a sample mean) are “free to vary.”

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18
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues in an experimental setting that allow subjects to guess
the experimental hypothesis

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19
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable which shows an effect or is the outcome of an
experiment. The dependent variable is measured after the
investigator manipulates the independent variable.

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20
Q

Double-Blind Design

A

An experimental design in which neither the subjects nor the
experimenters are aware of the hypothesis being tested, or
which subjects are in the control group or experimental
group. This design is used to control for experimenter effects
and demand char

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21
Q

Experimental Research

A

Research characterized by random assignment of subjects to
experimental groups, experimenter manipulation of the
independent variable(s), and experimenter control over the
research setting and conditions. In experimental research, as
compared to other ty

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22
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which the results of an experiment are
generalizable to a population beyond the experimental group

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23
Q

Factorial Experimental Desig

A

n a study with multiple independent variables, the
combination of every level of one independent variable with
every level of the other independent variable(s). The design
permits the assessment of interaction effects among the
independent variables.

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24
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Confounding nonspecific effects on an experiment caused by
the subjects’ responding to being in an experiment, rather
than to the actual conditions of the experiment.

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25
Q

History

A

A confounding external event, not relevant to the
independent variable, that exerts an effect on the dependent
variable and thereby threatens a research study’s internal
validity

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26
Q

Independent Variable

A

he variable which is posited as the cause of a given effect.
This causative variable is manipulated by the investigator in
an experiment.

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27
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Procedures which allow us to estimate population values
(e.g., population means) using samples from that population.

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28
Q

Interaction Effect

A

Occurs when the effects of one independent variable are
different at different levels of another independent variable.
For instance, if a particular treatment worked for males but
not females, there would be an interaction: the effects of
treatment would

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29
Q

Internal Validity

A

n an experiment, the plausibility of the conclusion that the
independent variable, and not extraneous factors, is
responsible for observed scores or status on the dependent
variable.

30
Q

Interval Scale

A

Data in which all successive data points are equidistant from
each other; does not contain an absolute zero point.
Example: IQ scores

31
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Research study conducted over an extended period of time
using the same subjects, usually to assess change over time

32
Q

Mann-Whitney U Test

A

Nonparametric statistical test used when a research study
involves two independent groups and the data are
rank-ordered.

33
Q

MANOVA

A

Multiple analysis of variance. A statistical test for studies
that have one or more independent variables and two or more
dependent variables

34
Q

Matching

A

A method of controlling for confounds in a research study.
Involves creating sets of subjects who are similar in terms of
their status on the confounding variable, and then assigning
members of each set to different treatment group. Ensures
that each grou

35
Q

Maturation

A

Internal event (e.g., hunger, fatigue, development), that
occurs within research subjects and is not the independent
variable, that threatens the study’s internal validity by
accounting for observed results on a dependent variable

36
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a set of scores.

37
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution of scores when the scores
have been ordered from lowest to highest.

38
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Method of analyzing a group of independent studies with a
common conceptual basis, using results from each study as
the data, resulting in an effect size indicating the average
difference between the treatment groups and the control
groups

39
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring score in a set of scores.

40
Q

Multiple Baseline Design

A

n
Single-subject research design in which an intervention is
sequentially administered across different baselines (i.e.,
across behaviors, settings, or subjects)

41
Q

Multiple Correlation Coefficient

A

Correlation coefficient that provides an index of the
magnitude of the relationship between two or more predictor
variables and one criterion variable

42
Q

Multiple Regression

A

An asymmetrical distribution of scores in which most scores
fall at the high end of the scale and relatively few fall at the
low end, moving the mean lower, away from the center and
toward the negative end of the distribution

43
Q
A
44
Q

Nominal Scale

A

Data that consists of unordered categories; examples include
gender, DSM diagnosis, and ethnic group.

45
Q

Nonparametric Tests

A

nferential statistical tests used with non-continuous data
(i.e., nominal categories or ordinally scaled data). Unlike
parametric tests, nonparametric tests do not assume
homogeneity of variance or that the data is normally
distributed. Also referred to

46
Q

Normal Distribution

A

A symmetrical distribution of scores in which half fall above
the mean and half below it. When plotted on a graph
depicting the scores on one axis and the frequency of
occurrence of each score on the other, the result appears as a
bell-shaped curv

47
Q

Null Hypothesi

A

Data which consists of ordered categories, in which
successive data points do not necessarily represent equal
distances from each other (e.g., the difference between 1st
and 2nd is not necessarily equivalent to the distance between
2nd and 3rd). Example:

48
Q

Parametric Tests

A

A procedure which involves ordering of relationships among
variables based on the correlations between them. Path
analysis is used to model and test various hypotheses
regarding causal relationships without actually manipulating
any variable.

49
Q

Pearson r

A

Correlation coefficient used to determine the direction and
strength of the relationship between two variables when both
variables are measured on a continuous (interval or ratio)
scale

50
Q

Percentile Rank

A

A score which reflects the percentage of scores falling below
a given score in a distribution. For example, if a person’s
score on a test is higher than 95% of the scores of others who
have taken the test, the person is in the 95th percentile

51
Q

Placebo

A

Any inert treatment used as a control condition in
psychotherapy and psychopharmacological research; e.g.,
pill without the active ingredient of a drug being studied.

52
Q

Positively Skewed Distribution

A

An asymmetrical distribution of scores in which most scores
fall at the low end of the scale and few fall at the high end,
moving the mean higher, away from the center toward the
positive end of the distribution

53
Q

Post-Hoc Test

A

Statistical test used after an ANOVA (or other omnibus
statistical test) yields statistically significant results; used to
pinpoint the specific results which account for significance
in the omnibus test. Examples include Tukey and Schef

54
Q

Power

A

The ability of a research study to detect a treatment effect
when one exists. Power is usually a function of sample size.
The larger the sample size, the more powe

55
Q

Quasi-Experimental Research

A

Research in which the experimenter does not have control
over the assignment of subjects to groups; for example,
studies in which intact groups are used. Has weaker internal
validity than experimental research.

56
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning subjects to treatment groups so that every subject
has an equal chance of being assigned to each of the groups.

57
Q

Random Selection (or Random Sampling)

A

)
Selecting subjects from a population in such a way that every
member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected.

58
Q

Ratio Scale

A

A scale of measurement in which all successive data points
are equidistant from each other and which has an absolute
zero point

59
Q

Regression Equation

A

Mathematical equation used for the purposes of predicting a
score on one measure on the basis of the score on another
measure.

60
Q

Reversal Design

A

Single-subject research design in which treatment is applied
then removed in order to determine if behavior will revert
back to baseline levels. Includes ABA and ABAB design

61
Q

Sampling Error

A

Extent to which sample statistics vary from the true
population values.

62
Q

Single-Subject Design

A

Research involving a single unit of investigation at a time.
Includes AB, reversal, and multiple baseline designs.

63
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The square root of the variance of a set of scores. The
standard deviation is a measure of a score distribution’s
variability; it indicates how spread out scores are around the
mean

64
Q

Standard Error Of The Mean

A

An indication of how close a sample mean is to the
corresponding population mean. The formula is the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of
the sample size

65
Q

Statistical Regression

A

A statistical artifact predicting that extreme scores will, on
the average, be less extreme on retesting

66
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

Method of random sampling in which a population is divided
into separate subgroups (or strata) and then individuals from
each strata are randomly selected.

67
Q

Theoretical Sampling Distribution

A

Distribution of a large number of sample statistics drawn
from randomly selected samples (e.g., means) of the same
size from the same population. Theoretical in that no one
goes out and actually collects a sampling distribution;
however, the presumed char

68
Q

Trend Analysis

A

A statistical technique used to determine the trend or shape
that best describes the relationship between two variables.
The technique basically involves collecting data on two
variables and running statistical analyses to determine what
trend or trends (

69
Q

T-Test

A

Statistical hypothesis test that is used to assess whether two
means differ significantly from each othe

70
Q

Type I Error

A

An error made when an experimenter erroneously accepts
the null hypothesis, i.e., the hypothesis that there is no
difference between or among populations studied. In other
words, the experimenter fails to find an effect that actually
exists.

71
Q

Variance

A

The average of the squared differences from the mean of
each score. Variance is a measure of how widespread the
score distribution is. The square root of the variance is the
standard deviation.

72
Q

Z-Score

A

Type of standard score that indicates how many standard
deviations a raw score is from the mean of the distribution

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