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General flash cards 2

1
Q

Kuder-Richardson Formula 20

A

a variation of coefficient alpha; used when test items scored
dichotomously

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2
Q

the test length, the _______ the test’s reliability
coefficien

A

larger

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3
Q

The Spearman-Brown formula tends to _________ a test’s
true reliabilit

A

overestimate

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4
Q

reliability coefficient

A

the proportion of variability in a set of test scores taht is
attributable to true score variabilit

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5
Q

standard error of measurement

A

s used to construct a confidence interval around a
measured score

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6
Q

content validity

A

a test adequately samples the content or behavior that is it is
designed to measure

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7
Q

construct validity

A

when the test measures the hypothetical trait (construct) it is
intended to measure

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8
Q

convergent validity

A

high correlation with measures of the same trait

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9
Q

discriminent(divergent) validity:

A

low correlations with measures of unrelated characteristic

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10
Q

multitrait-mulitmetnod matrix:

A

used to systematically organize the data collected when
assessing a test’s convergetn and discriminant validity

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11
Q

monotrait-monomethod coefficients:

A

reliability coefficients: they indicate the correlation btw/ a
measure and inself; they should be large in order for the
matrix to provide useful info

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12
Q

monotrait-heteromethod coefficient:

A

indicate the correlation btw/ different measures of the same
trait;when large-provide evidence of convergent validity

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13
Q

heterotrait-monomethod coefficient:

A

show correlation btw/ different traits that have been
measured by the same method: when small,show
discriminant validity

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14
Q

heterotrait-heteromethod coefficient

A

ndicate the correlation btw/ different traits that have been
measured by different methods; also show discriminant
validity when sma

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15
Q

factor analysis

A

conducted to identify the min. number of common factors
required to account for the intercorrelations among a set of
tests,subtests, or test items

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16
Q

factor loadings:

A

correlation coefficients that indicate the degree of association
btw/ each test and each facto

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17
Q

communality

A

common variance-the ammount of variability in test scores
taht is due to the factors taht the test shares in common with
other tests included in the analysis

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18
Q

orthogonal rotation

A

the resulting factors are uncorrelated

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19
Q

oblique rotation

A

the resulting factors are correlated; the attributes measured
by the factors are not independent

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20
Q

criterion-related validity:

A

used whenever test scores are to be used to draw conclusions
about an examinee’s likely standing or performance on
another measure

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21
Q

concurrent validity:

A

when criterion data are collected prior to ar at the same time
as the data on the predictor/type of criterion-related validity

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22
Q

predictive validity:

A

when criterion is measured some time after the predictor is
administered; better for predicting future job performance

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23
Q

standard error of the estimate:

A

used to construct a confidence interval around a predicted
criterion score

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24
Q

incremental validity

A

the increase in correct decisions that can be expected if the
predictor is used as a decision making tool

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25
incremental validity =
positive hit rate-base rat
26
base rate
he proportion of people who were seleted without the use of the predictor and who are currently considered successful on the criterion
27
base rate=
true pos + false neg/total # of people
28
positive hit rate
he proposrtion of people who would have been selected ont he basis of their predictor scores and who are successful on the criterion
29
positive hit rate =
true positives/total positives
30
The predictor's criterion-related validity coefficient cannot exceed:
the square roote of its reliability coefficient
31
correction for attentuation formula
o estimate what a predictor's validity coefficient wouldbe if the predictor and/or the criterion were perfectly reliable
32
A shortcoming of the correction for attentuation formula:
it tends to overestimate the actual validity coefficient that can be achieved
33
the best way to avoid criterion contamination
is to make sure that the individual who is rating/scoring people on the criterion measure is nto familiar with their performance on the predictor
34
Percentile ranks have a flat distribution because
they are evenly distributed thoughout the range of scores
35
Percentile ranks
nonlinear transformation bc/ their distribution is always flat regardless of the shape of the raw score distribution
36
z-score distribution properties
The mean of the distribution is 0; the SD is 1; all raw scores below the mean are neg and all above the mean are pos; unless it is normalized, the distribution has the same shape as the raw score distribution
37
T-score distribution
has mean of 50 and SD of 10
38
genotype
a person's genetic inheritence
39
phenotype
his/her observed characteristics; attributable to a combination of heredity and environment
40
3 stages of prenatal development:
germinal, embryonic, fetal
41
translocation
germinal, embryonic, feta
42
translocation
the transfer of a chormosome segment to another chromosome
43
Rutters indicators:
severe marital discord, low ses, overcrowding/large family size, parental criminality, maternal psychopathology and placement of a child outside of the home
44
of the senses ____ is the least well developed at birth
vision
45
infants can distinguish their mother's face from other faces at:
one month
46
auditory localization
evident shortly after birth; disappears btw/ 2 and 4 months and then reappears and improves during the rest of the first year
47
infants prefer the sound of their mother's voice at:
3 months
48
a key characteristic of the preoperational stage is____
symbolic (semiotic) function
49
the greatest age related memory declines e found in:
recent long-term membory folowwed by the working memory aspect of short term memory
50
these types of memory are relatively unaffected by age:
remote long-term memory, memory span, and sensory memory
51
identity diffusion
adolescents exhibiting diffusion have not yet experienced an identity crisis or explored alternatives and are not commited to an identity
52
identity moratorium
when an adolescent experiences an identity crisis and actively explores alternative identitites; confusion/discontent/rebelliousness
53
gilligan's relational crisis
girls experience around 11 or 12: they disconnect from themselves in order to maintain a relationship with others; therapits should help girls maintain a "healthy resistance to disconnect"
54
mothers of insecure/ambivalent children
moody inconisistent in their caregiving
55
mothers of insecure/avoidant children
impatient and unresponsive or provide children with too much stimulation
56
children with a _____________ attachment pattern are at an increase risk for aggressive behavior problems in childhood
disorganized
57
Early institutionalization has the most negative impact when seperation of mother and infant cocurs:
during the second half of the first year of life
58
at about age _____ peer conformity peaks and adolescents are most responsive to peer preessure
14-15
59
framing
giving goals added meaning
60
framing
giving goals added meaning
61
A predictor is most likely to increase decision making accuracy when:
there are many applicants for each job
62
sensitivity
he probability a test will correctly identify people with the disease from a pool of people with the disease
63
communality is best described as:
the proportion of variance accounted for by multiple factors in a singe variable
64
time sampling
oberving an ind. or group of inds. during prespecified periods of time and, at the end of each obs., recording whether or not the target behavior occured
65
exposure to environmental lead may
decrease overall IQ
66
Group polarization
a person makes more extrmeme decision in a group than alone
67
underlying the stress innoculation theory is the assumption that:
successful coping with stress strengthens one's ability to cope with stres in the future
68
successful quiters of smoking:
male, age 33 or older, maried or living with partner, started smoking at later age
69
The greater the variability of scores:
he higher the reliability coef.
70
3 phases of stress innoculation
education rehersal/skills training application training (systematic desensitization)
71
The difference btw/ high and low reactive infants is due to:
in part, genetic factors
72
overregularization
when children overextend grammatical rules (feets_
73
inhibiting RNA sythesis
nhibits protein synthesis which is necessary for long term memory
74
Hemiplegia in right side of body is due to damage of
left motor cortex
75
Virgina Satir's approach to family therapy emphasizes
styles of communication
76
False recollections due to
lesions in frontal lobe
77
social exchange theory
predicts that the decision to remain or leave a relationship depends on the relative costs/rewards of that relationship
78
gain-loss theory
predicts that our liking for another person is greater when that person's initial evaluation of us is neg. but becomes pos.
79
stages of gilligans model of moral development
care of self, care of others, care of everyone including self
80
when heterotrait-monomethod coef is large,this indicates:
a lack of discriminant validity
81
in the context of exposure to HIV, seroconversion refers to:
the process of converting from antibody neg to antibody pos
82
employee's mental and physical health is most dependent o
job security
83
the emergency of the ability to create mental representation of reality occurs:
btw 18 and 24 month
84
damage to the postcentral gyrus impairs
sense of touch
85
squaring the multiple correlation coefficient provides a measure of
shared variability
86
a stystematic family therapist uses circular questioning to:
help family members to recognize difs. in their perceptions
87
balance theroy
having inconsistent attitudes produces a state of discomfort that leads to attitude change
88
Multiple discrimnat function analysis
multiple predictors used to classify inds into one of 3 or more criterion groups
89
when asked about abusive activities, child sex abusers are most likely to:
admit to actions, but min. harmful effects of actions on child
90
hydrocephalus
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in ventricles in the brain
91
one way anova
helps control experimentwise error rate (probability of making a type 1 error)
92
ADHD has been linked to
ADHD has been linked to
93
incentive/reward theory:
emphasizes the features of job and work environment that maximize worker interest and satisfaction
94
what % of schoolage children meet criteria for adhd?
3-7%
95
in object relations family therapy, the middle phase of therapy is:
interpreting multiple transferences
96
apraxia is most suggestive of damage t
pareital lobe
97
hypothyroidism
depressive symptoms, mental slowing, memory impairment
98
within the context of organizations, peer appraisals:
are most useful for prediction promotions and raises
99
ECT
most cognitive/memory deficits are reversible, but do not return to premorbid levels for 6-7 months
100
localized amnesia:
loss of memory for personal info., limited to a cirscribed period of time
101
LISREL
used to analyze unidirectional and bidirectional causal relationships btw/ measured and latent variables
102
in pos. skewed distribution:
the mean is larger than the median which is larger than the mode
103
4 stages of neural developmen
proliferation, migration,differentiation, mylenation
104
MSW
mean square within: provides estimate of variability that is due to error only
105

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