General flash cards 2
Kuder-Richardson Formula 20
a variation of coefficient alpha; used when test items scored
dichotomously
the test length, the _______ the test’s reliability
coefficien
larger
The Spearman-Brown formula tends to _________ a test’s
true reliabilit
overestimate
reliability coefficient
the proportion of variability in a set of test scores taht is
attributable to true score variabilit
standard error of measurement
s used to construct a confidence interval around a
measured score
content validity
a test adequately samples the content or behavior that is it is
designed to measure
construct validity
when the test measures the hypothetical trait (construct) it is
intended to measure
convergent validity
high correlation with measures of the same trait
discriminent(divergent) validity:
low correlations with measures of unrelated characteristic
multitrait-mulitmetnod matrix:
used to systematically organize the data collected when
assessing a test’s convergetn and discriminant validity
monotrait-monomethod coefficients:
reliability coefficients: they indicate the correlation btw/ a
measure and inself; they should be large in order for the
matrix to provide useful info
monotrait-heteromethod coefficient:
indicate the correlation btw/ different measures of the same
trait;when large-provide evidence of convergent validity
heterotrait-monomethod coefficient:
show correlation btw/ different traits that have been
measured by the same method: when small,show
discriminant validity
heterotrait-heteromethod coefficient
ndicate the correlation btw/ different traits that have been
measured by different methods; also show discriminant
validity when sma
factor analysis
conducted to identify the min. number of common factors
required to account for the intercorrelations among a set of
tests,subtests, or test items
factor loadings:
correlation coefficients that indicate the degree of association
btw/ each test and each facto
communality
common variance-the ammount of variability in test scores
taht is due to the factors taht the test shares in common with
other tests included in the analysis
orthogonal rotation
the resulting factors are uncorrelated
oblique rotation
the resulting factors are correlated; the attributes measured
by the factors are not independent
criterion-related validity:
used whenever test scores are to be used to draw conclusions
about an examinee’s likely standing or performance on
another measure
concurrent validity:
when criterion data are collected prior to ar at the same time
as the data on the predictor/type of criterion-related validity
predictive validity:
when criterion is measured some time after the predictor is
administered; better for predicting future job performance
standard error of the estimate:
used to construct a confidence interval around a predicted
criterion score
incremental validity
the increase in correct decisions that can be expected if the
predictor is used as a decision making tool
incremental validity =
positive hit rate-base rat
base rate
he proportion of people who were seleted without the use of
the predictor and who are currently considered successful on
the criterion
base rate=
true pos + false neg/total # of people
positive hit rate
he proposrtion of people who would have been selected ont
he basis of their predictor scores and who are successful on
the criterion
positive hit rate =
true positives/total positives
The predictor’s criterion-related validity coefficient cannot
exceed:
the square roote of its reliability coefficient
correction for attentuation formula
o estimate what a predictor’s validity coefficient wouldbe if
the predictor and/or the criterion were perfectly reliable
A shortcoming of the correction for attentuation formula:
it tends to overestimate the actual validity coefficient that
can be achieved
the best way to avoid criterion contamination
is to make sure that the individual who is rating/scoring
people on the criterion measure is nto familiar with their
performance on the predictor
Percentile ranks have a flat distribution because
they are evenly distributed thoughout the range of scores
Percentile ranks
nonlinear transformation bc/ their distribution is always flat
regardless of the shape of the raw score distribution
z-score distribution properties
The mean of the distribution is 0; the SD is 1; all raw scores
below the mean are neg and all above the mean are pos;
unless it is normalized, the distribution has the same shape as
the raw score distribution
T-score distribution
has mean of 50 and SD of 10
genotype
a person’s genetic inheritence
phenotype
his/her observed characteristics; attributable to a
combination of heredity and environment
3 stages of prenatal development:
germinal, embryonic, fetal
translocation
germinal, embryonic, feta
translocation
the transfer of a chormosome segment to another
chromosome
Rutters indicators:
severe marital discord, low ses, overcrowding/large family
size, parental criminality, maternal psychopathology and
placement of a child outside of the home
of the senses ____ is the least well developed at birth
vision
infants can distinguish their mother’s face from other faces
at:
one month
auditory localization
evident shortly after birth; disappears btw/ 2 and 4 months
and then reappears and improves during the rest of the first
year
infants prefer the sound of their mother’s voice at:
3 months
a key characteristic of the preoperational stage is____
symbolic (semiotic) function
the greatest age related memory declines e found in:
recent long-term membory folowwed by the working
memory aspect of short term memory
these types of memory are relatively unaffected by age:
remote long-term memory, memory span, and sensory
memory
identity diffusion
adolescents exhibiting diffusion have not yet experienced an
identity crisis or explored alternatives and are not commited
to an identity
identity moratorium
when an adolescent experiences an identity crisis and
actively explores alternative identitites;
confusion/discontent/rebelliousness
gilligan’s relational crisis
girls experience around 11 or 12: they disconnect from
themselves in order to maintain a relationship with others;
therapits should help girls maintain a “healthy resistance to
disconnect”
mothers of insecure/ambivalent children
moody inconisistent in their caregiving
mothers of insecure/avoidant children
impatient and unresponsive or provide children with too
much stimulation
children with a _____________ attachment pattern are at an
increase risk for aggressive behavior problems in childhood
disorganized
Early institutionalization has the most negative impact when
seperation of mother and infant cocurs:
during the second half of the first year of life
at about age _____ peer conformity peaks and adolescents
are most responsive to peer preessure
14-15
framing
giving goals added meaning
framing
giving goals added meaning
A predictor is most likely to increase decision making
accuracy when:
there are many applicants for each job
sensitivity
he probability a test will correctly identify people with the
disease from a pool of people with the disease
communality is best described as:
the proportion of variance accounted for by multiple factors
in a singe variable
time sampling
oberving an ind. or group of inds. during prespecified
periods of time and, at the end of each obs., recording
whether or not the target behavior occured
exposure to environmental lead may
decrease overall IQ
Group polarization
a person makes more extrmeme decision in a group than
alone
underlying the stress innoculation theory is the assumption
that:
successful coping with stress strengthens one’s ability to
cope with stres in the future
successful quiters of smoking:
male, age 33 or older, maried or living with partner, started
smoking at later age
The greater the variability of scores:
he higher the reliability coef.
3 phases of stress innoculation
education
rehersal/skills training
application training (systematic desensitization)
The difference btw/ high and low reactive infants is due to:
in part, genetic factors
overregularization
when children overextend grammatical rules (feets_
inhibiting RNA sythesis
nhibits protein synthesis which is necessary for long term
memory
Hemiplegia in right side of body is due to damage of
left motor cortex
Virgina Satir’s approach to family therapy emphasizes
styles of communication
False recollections due to
lesions in frontal lobe
social exchange theory
predicts that the decision to remain or leave a relationship
depends on the relative costs/rewards of that relationship
gain-loss theory
predicts that our liking for another person is greater when
that person’s initial evaluation of us is neg. but becomes pos.
stages of gilligans model of moral development
care of self, care of others, care of everyone including self
when heterotrait-monomethod coef is large,this indicates:
a lack of discriminant validity
in the context of exposure to HIV, seroconversion refers to:
the process of converting from antibody neg to antibody pos
employee’s mental and physical health is most dependent o
job security
the emergency of the ability to create mental representation
of reality occurs:
btw 18 and 24 month
damage to the postcentral gyrus impairs
sense of touch
squaring the multiple correlation coefficient provides a
measure of
shared variability
a stystematic family therapist uses circular questioning to:
help family members to recognize difs. in their perceptions
balance theroy
having inconsistent attitudes produces a state of discomfort
that leads to attitude change
Multiple discrimnat function analysis
multiple predictors used to classify inds into one of 3 or
more criterion groups
when asked about abusive activities, child sex abusers are
most likely to:
admit to actions, but min. harmful effects of actions on child
hydrocephalus
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in ventricles in the brain
one way anova
helps control experimentwise error rate (probability of
making a type 1 error)
ADHD has been linked to
ADHD has been linked to
incentive/reward theory:
emphasizes the features of job and work environment that
maximize worker interest and satisfaction
what % of schoolage children meet criteria for adhd?
3-7%
in object relations family therapy, the middle phase of
therapy is:
interpreting multiple transferences
apraxia is most suggestive of damage t
pareital lobe
hypothyroidism
depressive symptoms, mental slowing, memory impairment
within the context of organizations, peer appraisals:
are most useful for prediction promotions and raises
ECT
most cognitive/memory deficits are reversible, but do not
return to premorbid levels for 6-7 months
localized amnesia:
loss of memory for personal info., limited to a cirscribed
period of time
LISREL
used to analyze unidirectional and bidirectional causal
relationships btw/ measured and latent variables
in pos. skewed distribution:
the mean is larger than the median which is larger than the
mode
4 stages of neural developmen
proliferation, migration,differentiation, mylenation
MSW
mean square within: provides estimate of variability that is
due to error only
