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Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What is population/global data?

A

A huge dataset to be investigated, or an experimental set of data within a specific condition

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2
Q

What is sample data?

A

A small set of data from the population/global data

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3
Q

What is sampling?

A

Randomly taking samples from the population

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4
Q

What is mean?

A

The sum of all sample values divided by the number of samples

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5
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Gives the average distance of the samples from the mean

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6
Q

How is standard deviation calculated?

A

Square root of the (sum of the distances from the mean) divided by the number of samples -1

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7
Q

What is frequency?

A

How often many similar data occurs/happens

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8
Q

What is distribution?

A

The shape constructed by data frequencies

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9
Q

True or false:
A histogram can show frequency?

A

True

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10
Q

What type of curve can be plotted on a histogram?

A

A normal distribution curve

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11
Q

What is normal distribution?

A

A range in which there is most data in the middle and less data at either ends of a curve. It is symmetrical around the mean. It shows that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence compared to data far from the mean

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12
Q

What does variable view in SPSS show?

A

The name of the variable
The type of data the variable is
A label to describe the variable

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13
Q

Three data types in statistics

A

Numeric data
Nominal data
Ordinal data

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14
Q

What is numeric data?

A

Numbers
e.g. body mass, weight, stature

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15
Q

What is nominal data

A

Category data without rank
e.g. gender

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16
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Categories with rank
e.g. feeling

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17
Q

What does data format in SPSS allow?

A

Subject information to be entered

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18
Q

What is the standard error of the mean?

A

The standard deviation of means.
Shows the range in which a global mean could fall

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19
Q

How is standard error of the mean calculated?

A

Standard deviation divided by the square root of n

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20
Q

In what percentage of means is mean+/- 1SE?

A

68-70% of means

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21
Q

In what percentage of means is mean +/- 2SE?

A

95% of means

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22
Q

In what percentage of means is mean +/- 3SE?

A

99% of means

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23
Q

What mean +/- SE is indicative of population mean?

A

Mean +/- 2 standard error - 95%

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24
Q

What is the confidence interval?

A

The range in which the global mean could be within

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25
What is a 95% confidence interval?
Mean +/- 2 standard error
26
What is the median?
The middle value of the sample data
27
What are quartiles?
The sample values at 25%, 50% and 75%
28
What can a simple bar diagram be used for?
Counting number of cases Showing percentages of cases Showing two variables together
29
What does a pie plot show?
The percentage of data
30
What does the box plot show?
The median, quartiles and extreme values within a category
31
What does an error bar show?
Shows the mean and the 95% confidence interval or SD of the data
32
What does a scatter/dot diagram show?
Shows the tendency of the data or the relationship between variables
33
What is independent sample data?
When the measurements have no effect on each other
34
What is dependent sample data?
When the measurements have an effect on each other
35
True or false: Whether the data is dependent or independent depends on the subjects
False - it depends on the experimental situation
36
Why do we need a reasonable sample size?
Fewer samples could result in a larger difference between the local and global population
37
What is statistical power?
The likelihood of a significance test detecting an effect when there actually is one
38
How is population mean range calculated?
Mean +/- 2 SEM
39
What does the letter W represent in statistics?
The difference between population means
40
What is subjective data?
Information that comes from opinions, feelings, perceptions etc
41
What is objective data?
Results produced from measurements
42
3 ways to determine whether the data is normal distribution
Skewness coefficient P-P plot Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
43
What is skewness coefficient?
A measure of the asymmetry of a distribution
44
True or false: Between 2 sets of sample data the mean is sometimes the same?
False - the mean will never be the same
45
What is a T-test?
A parametric test where t is a parameter used to analyse data with normal distribution or similar to normal distribution
46
True or false: The samples should be in normal distribution for T-test to be applied
True
47
What does a T-test do?
Examines if two means are significantly different, therefore requires two groups of data
48
What is a paired-sample T-test?
When there is two measurements for each subject
49
What is an independent T-test?
It compares the means of two independent groups
50
What test is used for testing for differences among multiple groups of data?
ANOVA
51
What is variance?
A descriptor to show how far away samples are from the data centre
52
What are the two variances?
The variance within group shows difference between samples The variance between groups shows differences between groups
53
What shows the variance between groups?
The distances between the group means and the total mean
54
What indicates the variance within a group?
The size/diameter of a cycle/group
55
What are the two squared differences?
Between the group mean and the total mean Between the samples and the group mean
56
What does ANOVA do?
Uses the F value to see if there are differences between groups
57
One-way ANOVA: What is it? What are the conditions? What is the applied situation?
It is an extended t-test for comparing multiple groups of data together It requires an independent factor and a quantitative dependent variable The applied situation is in multi-group data
58
True or false: For ANOVA, the data should be in normal distribution or similar to normal distribution
True
59
What does a Chi squared test do?
Compares the observed and expected frequencies in each category to test if all categories contain the similar proportions of values Tests whether there is significant differences between groups
60
Examples of non-numeric data
Score system Pain Treatment type Equipment type
61
What do non-parametric tests do?
Directly use non-numeric information from data to compare sample groups
62
What is the Wilcoxon signed-ranks method?
It has the null hypothesis that two related medians are similar Allows us to compare a single median against a known value or two medians from the same individual group
63
What is Mann-Whitney test used for?
To compare two independent groups Suitable for non-numeric data Uses rank information
64
What is a scatter dot graph used to show?
Whether or not two variables are correlated Shows trend and pattern
65
What is the correlation coefficient?
Used to describe whether two variables have a linear relationship and how strong the relationship is It measures how variables are linearly related
66
The closer to/further from 1, the stronger the correlation between variables
Closer to 1
67
What does R>0 mean?
A variable increases while another variable increases
68
What does R<0 mean?
A variable increases when another variable decreases
69
What value is indicative of valuables having a linear relationship?
xxx <0.05
70
What is linear regression?
It is used to construct an equation to describe the relationship between two, or multiple, variables
71
What are residuals?
The sum of the squares of differences between the predicted and practical values
72
How can we use linear regression in variables that are not linear?
By transforming them into a suitable form by using a linear coefficient
73
What is survival analysis?
Initially used to analyse how death ratios changed with ages Can now be used to analyse effect of medical therapies e.g. implants
74
What are censored cases?
Cases from which data cannot be collected or determined by their situations for some reason not related to the factor studied
75
What is meta-analysis
A method to use multi-source data to analyse the favourite by most of the studies
76
Why is it good to carry out meta-analysis?
Many studies have their own attitudes, report only the differences, and give different conclusions/opinions
77
Steps for meta-analysis
Select a factor Collect data from multiple sources Calculate parameters Make a forest plot Give conclusions
78
What is the odds ratio?
The proportion of the number of cases to the number of non-cases
79
What is the relative ratio?
The number of cases with the event compared to the number of samples

CVDM (16 decks)

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