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RACP Written > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Name the study: Snap shot in time, comparing two things in a population at a given time.

A

Cross sectional study ie a clinical audit

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2
Q

What is the disadvantage of a cross sectional study?

A

Cant prove causality

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3
Q

What studies can be used to answer a ‘prediction’ question?

A

cohort (follow-up over time) and case control

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4
Q

Name the study: Identifying patients with uncommon outcomes and looking back in time to link exposure etc

A

Case control studies

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5
Q

Which study is higher in quality of evidence? case control or cohort?

A

Cohort

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6
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd best study design for evidence?

A

Meta analysis
Systemic review

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7
Q

Which study is best to answer an intervention question?

A

RCT- if ethical

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8
Q

What is a weakness of systematic reviews?

A

Its only as good as the studies included in it

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9
Q

Name 2 strengths of an RCT

A

randomisation distributes known/unknown confounders, blinding reduces bias and can measure effect of internvention

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10
Q

Name 2 weakness of RCT

A

ethics, cost-time, failure of allocation concealment

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11
Q

Name 2 strengths of a cohort study

A

proves temporal causation, cheaper and easier than RCT, can show PROGNOSIS

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12
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of a cohort study

A

unknown confounders, rare conditions, lost to follow-up

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13
Q

Name 2 strengths of a case control study

A

quick, cheap, feasible for rare disorders

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14
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of a case control study

A

selecting controls, recall and selection bias

A case-control study is a type of observational study commonly used to look at factors associated with diseases or outcomes. The case-control study starts with a group of cases, which are the individuals who have the outcome of interest. The researcher then tries to construct a second group of individuals called the controls, who are similar to the case individuals but do not have the outcome of interest.

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15
Q

Name 2 advantages of a cross sectional study

A

simple, cheap, can quantify condition/risk factor

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16
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of a cross sectional study

A

No cause/effect, confounding bias, only to generate hypothesis.
‘audits or surveys on the street’

17
Q

What is the solution for confounding variables in a study?

A

randominsation

18
Q

What is Kappa (Cohen’s) statistics?

A

agreement between different people assessing results of the study.
1= 100% agreement and 0= no agreement
Clinical studies need high kappa stats

19
Q

What is external validity

A

Ability to generalise data

20
Q

What is the key reason for failure in RCTs?

A

Poor allocation concealment

21
Q

Who is the most important person/group to blind in a RCT?

A

The assessor (intervention should ideally also be blinded)

22
Q

What is the intention to treat analysis and why is it done?

A

Analyse participants in groups here they were randomised. This preserves randomisation and is more realistic

23
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

The worst form of sample take 50 people at this shop right now.
Volunteer and selection bias.

24
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

Relate to bias in clinical decision making, not study design. This cognitive bias affects the way we test and evaluate hypotheses every day.

25
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories.

26
Q

What is the difference between logitistic and linear regression

A

Logistic regression= relationship between binary outome
Linear regression= relationship between continious outcome

27
Q

What does the p value do and what is a false positive?

A

Examines null hypothesis and false positive is a type I error

28
Q

Should P values be used on their own to asssess a study?

A

No.

29
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when its flase ie false negative.

30
Q

What is the differnce between the chi squared and the t test?

A

Chi squared- measures distribution of a variable between 2 variables if they are categorical. T test is the same if
continous

C= CATEGORY

31
Q

What does the size of the square in a forrest plot reflect

A

size of study

32
Q

What does the diamond and the size of the diamond mean in forrest plot?

A

The overall effect of all studies. THe width represents the confidence interval

33
Q

What is a cost-effective analysis?

A

Comparing two internvetions with same outcome.
Part of health economics

34
Q

What is a cost-utlility analysis?

A

Measure effect in terms of quality/disability adjusted life years

35
Q

Which measure helps rule IN disease vs rule out?

A

Spin and snout
SPIN- specificity rule in
SNOUT- sensitivity rule OUT

RACP Written (18 decks)

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