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Comp Exam Practice > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a main effect in statistics?

A

The total effect of one independent variable over the other independent variables.

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2
Q

What is interaction in statistics?

A

The outcome where one effect of one factor is differentiated across another factor.

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3
Q

What is Nominal level data in statistics?

A

Weakest level - categories that cannot be ordered.

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4
Q

What are levels of measurement in statistics?

A

Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

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5
Q

What are measures of central tendency in statistics?

A

Mean (average), Median (middle number); Mode (most frequently occurring number.

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6
Q

What is operational definition in statistics?

A

The concrete definitions of variables that are being studied.

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7
Q

What is one-tailed vs two-tailed tests in statistics?

A

One-tailed tests both magnitude and direction (-/+) are significant while in two-tailed tests only magnitude is significant.

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8
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

It is when an unknown third variable affects the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

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9
Q

What is Range in statistics?

A

The highest score minus the lowest score (note* a single outlier can affect the whole range).

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10
Q

What is variance in statistics?

A

The square of the standard deviation, and another measure of a distribution’s spread or dispersion.

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11
Q

What is standard deviation in statistics?

A

The average distance from the mean.

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12
Q

What is an independent t-test in statistics?

A

It compares the scores from two separate groups of people.

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13
Q

What is a dependent t-test in statistics?

A

It compares the scores taken from the same individual (before and after).

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14
Q

What is analysis of variance (ANOVA) in statistics?

A

It is the test for the differences among the means of three or more independent variables.

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15
Q

What is regression in statistics?

A

Predicting the future outcome based on current information.

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16
Q

What is meta-analysis in statistics?

A

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

17
Q

What is chi-square in statistics?

A

A non-parametric test that determines if several occurrences across categories is random.

18
Q

What is alpha in statistics?

A

α = 0.05 – Level of significance, probability of making a Type I error.

19
Q

What is an independent variable in statistics?

A

The treatment variable being manipulated.

20
Q

What is correlation in statistics?

A

The relationship between two variables. (note* Correlation does not imply causation)

21
Q

What is random vs non-random sampling in statistics?

A

Random is assigning subjects to conditions in such a way that each participant has an equal probability of being placed in any condition while non-random is assigning subjects based on factors other than random choice.

22
Q

What is a dependent variable in statistics?

A

The treatment variable being measured.

23
Q

What is naturalist observation in statistics?

A

A method used with the highest ecological validity.

24
Q

What is a between-groups design in statistics?

A

A study design where two groups of subjects can be compared.

25
Q

What is internal validity in statistics?

A

The extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population being studied.

26
Q

What is archival research in statistics?

A

The use of existing sources of information for research; stat records, written records, and archives.

27
Q

What is within groups design in statistics?

A

A study design where the same subjects are tested; before and after manipulation of a variable.

28
Q

What is counterbalancing in statistics?

A

It is a technique that allows a researcher to control the effects of confounding variables by giving slightly different treatments to different participant groups.

29
Q

What is external validity in statistics?

A

It is the extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings.

30
Q

What is survey research?

A

When one questions an individual on a topic and describes their response.

31
Q

What is natural groups design in statistics? (ex. Post Facto variable)

A

A study design in which the independent variable is naturally occurring such as age or gender. Also known as “after the fact” research – subjects are not randomly assigned.

32
Q

What is reliability in research?

A

How consistently a method measures something.

33
Q

What is validity in research?

A

The extent to which a concept is accurately measured.

34
Q

What is a Type I error in statistics?

A

It is when the null hypothesis is rejected and should not be.

35
Q

What is a Type II error in statistics?

A

It is when the null hypothesis is not rejected and should be.

36
Q

What is random assignment in statistics?

A

Refers to the use of chance procedures to ensure each participant has the same opportunity of being chosen.

37
Q

What is informed consent in statistics?

A

A form given to individuals before they participate in a study about the nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate.

Comp Exam Practice (5 decks)

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