Statistics Flashcards
What is a main effect in statistics?
The total effect of one independent variable over the other independent variables.
What is interaction in statistics?
The outcome where one effect of one factor is differentiated across another factor.
What is Nominal level data in statistics?
Weakest level - categories that cannot be ordered.
What are levels of measurement in statistics?
Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
What are measures of central tendency in statistics?
Mean (average), Median (middle number); Mode (most frequently occurring number.
What is operational definition in statistics?
The concrete definitions of variables that are being studied.
What is one-tailed vs two-tailed tests in statistics?
One-tailed tests both magnitude and direction (-/+) are significant while in two-tailed tests only magnitude is significant.
What is a confounding variable?
It is when an unknown third variable affects the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
What is Range in statistics?
The highest score minus the lowest score (note* a single outlier can affect the whole range).
What is variance in statistics?
The square of the standard deviation, and another measure of a distribution’s spread or dispersion.
What is standard deviation in statistics?
The average distance from the mean.
What is an independent t-test in statistics?
It compares the scores from two separate groups of people.
What is a dependent t-test in statistics?
It compares the scores taken from the same individual (before and after).
What is analysis of variance (ANOVA) in statistics?
It is the test for the differences among the means of three or more independent variables.
What is regression in statistics?
Predicting the future outcome based on current information.
What is meta-analysis in statistics?
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.
What is chi-square in statistics?
A non-parametric test that determines if several occurrences across categories is random.
What is alpha in statistics?
α = 0.05 – Level of significance, probability of making a Type I error.
What is an independent variable in statistics?
The treatment variable being manipulated.
What is correlation in statistics?
The relationship between two variables. (note* Correlation does not imply causation)
What is random vs non-random sampling in statistics?
Random is assigning subjects to conditions in such a way that each participant has an equal probability of being placed in any condition while non-random is assigning subjects based on factors other than random choice.
What is a dependent variable in statistics?
The treatment variable being measured.
What is naturalist observation in statistics?
A method used with the highest ecological validity.
What is a between-groups design in statistics?
A study design where two groups of subjects can be compared.
What is internal validity in statistics?
The extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population being studied.
What is archival research in statistics?
The use of existing sources of information for research; stat records, written records, and archives.
What is within groups design in statistics?
A study design where the same subjects are tested; before and after manipulation of a variable.
What is counterbalancing in statistics?
It is a technique that allows a researcher to control the effects of confounding variables by giving slightly different treatments to different participant groups.
What is external validity in statistics?
It is the extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings.
What is survey research?
When one questions an individual on a topic and describes their response.
What is natural groups design in statistics? (ex. Post Facto variable)
A study design in which the independent variable is naturally occurring such as age or gender. Also known as “after the fact” research – subjects are not randomly assigned.
What is reliability in research?
How consistently a method measures something.
What is validity in research?
The extent to which a concept is accurately measured.
What is a Type I error in statistics?
It is when the null hypothesis is rejected and should not be.
What is a Type II error in statistics?
It is when the null hypothesis is not rejected and should be.
What is random assignment in statistics?
Refers to the use of chance procedures to ensure each participant has the same opportunity of being chosen.
What is informed consent in statistics?
A form given to individuals before they participate in a study about the nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate.
