Statistics

Question 1

what is null hypothesis

Answer 1

Its a hypothessi written alongside the alternative/experimental hypothesis
where it states that there is no difference between the variables and any difference is due to chance

Question 2

RESEARCHERS NEVER WANT TO ACCEPT THE

Answer 2

null hypothesis

Question 3

what are statistical tests used for

Answer 3

statistical tests are used to determine which hypothesis should be accepted and which should be rejected by using probability

Question 4

0 =

Answer 4

statistical impossibility

Question 5

1 =

Answer 5

statistical certainty

Question 6

what is a level of significance?

Answer 6

that the results are NOT due to chance and so finding’s are significant

Question 7

The confidence/significance level in psychology is

Answer 7

0.05% P <0.05
this means that there is a 5% or less likelihood that the results are due to chance

OR

A 95% likelihood/confidence that the findings are not due to chance

Question 8

The null hypothesis rejection means that

Answer 8

results are significant

Question 9

The null hypothesis acceptation means that

Answer 9

results are insignificant

Question 10

Explain a type 1 error

Answer 10

When the Null hypothesis has been rejected when it should have been accepted.
This means its been too lenient - Optimistic
(level of significance of 10%)

Question 11

Explain a Type 2 error

Answer 11

When the Null hypothesis has been accepted when it should have been rejected.
This means its been too Strict - Pessimistic
(level of significance of 1%)

Question 12

Why do we use a level of significance of 5% in Psychology?

Answer 12

Psychologists favour the 5% level of significance as it best balances the risk of making a Type 1/Type 2 error

Question 13

How is a statistical test chose the 3 steps

Answer 13

1. difference/correlation
   2, independent groups/repeated measures/matched pairs design
2. level of measurement of the data - Nominal, Ordinal or Interval

Question 14

Nominal data

Answer 14

when you have been counting things and putting them into categories, no ranking as the data is frequencies.
Discrete only appears in one category

Question 15

Ordinal data

Answer 15

when you have been measuring things and have data that can be ranked in order of size - there is no scale of measurement with equal units.
Lacks precision based on subjective opinions

Question 16

Interval data

Answer 16

when you have been measuring things on a scale with equal units
The most precise and sophisticated form of data

Question 17

Sign test requirements

Answer 17

1. test of difference
2. nominal data
3. repeated measures

Question 18

Statistical analysis test steps SIGN TEST

Answer 18

1. convert data into appropriate level of measurement - nominal
2. calculate difference between the 2 scores of P’s
3. Increase write + / decrease write -
4. no increase/decrease write 0/= and exclude these scores from the investigation and the participants
5. The number of less frequent sign is the Calculates/Observer value
   STEP 2
   use the critical value data to gain the critical value for the investigation
   STEP 3
   critical value should be compared to the observer value and the observer value should be less than or equal to the critical value IF NOT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS SHOULD BE ACCEPTED AS THE RESULTS ARE INSIGNIFICANT

Question 19

Spearman’s Rho test requirements

Answer 19

used when the hypothesis predicts correlation between 2 co variables
correlation
Ordinal data
equal to/ greater than critical value

Question 20

Pearson’s R test requirements

Answer 20

f

Question 21

Chi-Squared requirements

Answer 21

f

Question 22

Wilcoxon T test requirements

Answer 22

f

Question 23

Man Whitney U test requirements

Answer 23

f

Question 24

Unrelated T test requirements

Answer 24

f

Question 25

Related T test requirements

Answer 25

f

Question 26

What are the 8 statistical tests

Answer 26

1. Sign test
2. Spearman’s Rho test
3. Pearson’s R test
4. Chi-Squared
5. Wilcoxon T
6. Man Whitney U
7. Unrelated T
8. Related T