Statistical Inference

Question 1

Parameter

Answer 1

A characteristic of a population

Question 2

Statistic

Answer 2

A number computed from the sample

Question 3

Estimation Process

Answer 3

Procedure of guessing an unknown parameter value using the observed values from samples

Question 4

Estimate

Answer 4

A specific guess or value computed from a sample

Question 5

Point Estimation

Answer 5

Gives a single value as an estimate of the unknown parameter and makes no allowance for the uncertainty of the value’s accuracy

Question 6

Interval Estimation

Answer 6

Recognizes the uncertainty of the estimate’s accuracy and compensates for it by specifying a range of values around the estimate within which the population parameter may actually lie

Question 7

Margin of Error

Answer 7

The range around the point estimate

Question 8

Sampling Distribution

Answer 8

The distribution of estimates from all possible samples of the same size from the same population

Question 9

Unbiasedness

Answer 9

Refers to the idea that a statistic is expected to give values centered on the unknown parameter value

Question 10

Variability

Answer 10

Refers to the degree of variation in a statistic’s values

Question 11

Bias

Answer 11

Indicates that our guess is systematically wrong

Question 12

Inefficiency

Answer 12

Indicates that our guess is wrong unsystematically

Question 13

Confidence Intervals

Answer 13

Consists of two numbers between which we are reasonably certain our true parameter will fall

Question 14

Statistical Hypothesis

Answer 14

A statement that is assumed to be true until proven otherwise

Question 15

Alternative Hypothesis

Answer 15

A statement about the parameter that must be true if the null hypothesis is false

Question 16

Test Statistic (TS)

Answer 16

A statistic computed from the sampled data and used in the process of testing a hypothesis

Question 17

P-Value

Answer 17

The probability that we would observe a test statistic value as least as extreme as the one computed from the sample if the null hypothesis were true

Question 18

Type I Error

Answer 18

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

Question 19

Type II Error

Answer 19

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Question 20

Rejection Region (RR)/Critical Region (CR)

Answer 20

The set of test statistic values for which we would reject the null hypothesis

Question 21

Non-Rejection Region

Answer 21

The set of test statistic values for which we should fail to reject the null hypothesis

Question 22

Critical Value (CV)

Answer 22

The value of a test statistic that gives the boundary between the rejection and non-rejection region

Question 23

Conditions For Making A Test/Interval

Answer 23

1. SRS
2. Independence
3. Normality

Question 24

Observed Frequency

Answer 24

The number of measurements from one experiment falling into that particular cell

Question 25

Expected Frequency

Answer 25

The number of measurements expected to fall into that cell