Sampling and Experimentation Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

The entire group of individuals or items of interest

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2
Q

Sampling Frame

A

A list of all members of the population

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3
Q

Sample

A

The part of the population that is being examined

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4
Q

Sample Survey

A

The process of collecting information from a smaple

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5
Q

Census

A

The process of collecting information from all units in a population

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6
Q

Observational Study

A

An activity in which the experimenter observes the relationship among variables rather than creating them

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7
Q

Experiment

A

A activity in which the experimenter applies treatments to subjects to see a relationship between variables

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8
Q

Confounding Factor

A

Occurs when the two variables of interest are related to a third variable instead of just to each other

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9
Q

Biased Sampling

A

Result in values that are systematically different from the population values or favor certain outcomes

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10
Q

Judgmental Sampling

A

Makes use of a nonrandom approach to determine which item of the population is to be selected in the sample

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11
Q

Sample of Convenience

A

A sample that is rather easy to obtain

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12
Q

Volunteer Samples

A

The subjects choose to be a part of the sample

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13
Q

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

A

A process of obtaining a sample from a population in which each member has an equal chance of being selected

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14
Q

Types of Simple Random Samples

A
  1. Sampling with replacement from a finite population

2. Sampling without replacement from an infinite population

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15
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

The first item is selected at random from the first k items in the frame, and then every kth item is included in the sample

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16
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

The population is divided into groups called strata and a simple random sample is taken from each stratum

17
Q

Proportional Sampling

A

The population is divided into groups called strata and a simple random sample of size proportional to the stratum size is selected from each stratum

18
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

A population is divided into non-homogeneous groups called clusters and a simple random sample is obtained from some clusters but not all of them

19
Q

Sampling Error

A

Variation inherent in any survey

20
Q

Response Bias

A

Caused by the behavior of the interviewer or respondent

21
Q

Non-response Bias

A

Occurs if the person selected for an interview cannot be contacted or refuses to answer

22
Q

Under-coverage Bias

A

Occurs if part of the population is left out of the selection process

23
Q

Wording Effect Bias

A

Occurs is confusing or leading questions are asked

24
Q

Response/Dependent Variable

A

The variable to be measured in the experiment

25
Explanatory/Independent Variable
A variable that may explain the differences in responses
26
Experimental Unit
The smallest unit of the population to which the treatment is applied
27
Confounding Variable
A variable whose effect on the response cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable
28
Factor
A variable whose effect on the response is of interest in the experiment
29
Levels
The values of a factor used in the experiment
30
Treatments
The factor-level combinations used in the experiment
31
Control Group
A group of experimental units similar to all the other experimental units except that it is not given any treatment
32
Placebo Group
A control group that receives a placebo in experiments involving medicines
33
Blinding Technique
Used in experiments to prevent bias
34
Single-Blind Experiment
Either the patient does not know which treatment they are receiving or the person measuring the patient's reaction does not know which treatment was given
35
Double-Blind Experiment
Both the patient and the person measuring the patient's reaction do not know which treatment the patient was given
36
Blocking
Used to control the effects of known factors
37
Block
A group of homogeneous experimental units
38
Replication
Refers to the process of giving a certain treatment numerous times in an experiment or of applying it to a number of different experimental units