Statistical Concepts and Market Returns Flashcards

1
Q

We explore four properties of return distributions:

  • where the returns are centered (______);
  • how far returns are dispersed from their center (______);
  • whether the distribution of returns is symmetrically shaped or lopsided (______); and
  • whether extreme outcomes are likely (______).
A

central tendency
dispersion
skewness
kurtosis

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2
Q

The study of how data can be summarized

effectively to describe the important aspects of large data sets.

A

Descriptive statistics

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3
Q

Making forecasts, estimates, or judgments about a larger group from the smaller group actually observed

A

Statistical inference

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4
Q

Any descriptive measure of a population characteristic is called a _________

A

parameter

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5
Q

A quantity computed from or used to describe a sample

A

sample statistic (or statistic)

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6
Q

All data measurements are taken on one of four major measurement scales: (4)

A

nominal, ordinal,

interval, or ratio

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7
Q

The strongest level of measurement.

They have all the characteristics of interval measurement scales as well as a true zero point as the origin.

A

Ratio scales

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8
Q

tabular display of data summarized into a relatively small number of intervals.

A

frequency distribution

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9
Q

The actual number of observations in a given interval is called the

A

The absolute frequency,

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10
Q

The absolute frequency of each interval divided by the total number of observations

A

Relative frequency

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11
Q

The ________ cumulates (adds up) the relative frequencies as we move from the first to the last interval.

A

cumulative relative frequency

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12
Q

bar chart of data that have been grouped into a frequency distribution.

A

A histogram

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13
Q

Two other graphical tools for displaying data (besides the histogram) are the _____ and the _______.

A

frequency polygon

cumulative frequency distribution

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14
Q

the sum of the observations divided by the number of observations.

A

The arithmetic mean

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15
Q

Most frequently used to average rates of change over time or to compute the growth rate of a variable

A

Geometric mean

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16
Q

How to calculate geometric mean?

A

Convert to decimal form and add 1. Take the root and substract the result by 1.

17
Q

How to calculate the harmonic mean?

A

The value obtained by summing the reciprocals of the observations—terms of the form 1/Xi
—then averaging that sum by dividing it by the number
of observations n, and, finally, taking the reciprocal of the average

18
Q

When is the harmonic used in investing?

A

appropriate when averaging ratios
(“amount per unit”) when the ratios are repeatedly applied to a fixed quantity to yield
a variable number of units. The concept is best explained through an illustration.

19
Q

What is MAD?

A

mean absolute deviation

20
Q

How do you take the variance?

A

You compute the average of the squared deviation around the mean

21
Q

What is special with the sample variance and the sample standard deviation?

A

Soustraite 1 au dénominateur

22
Q

What is the average squared deviation below the mean?

A

The semivariance. The semideviation is the square root of this number.

23
Q

The average squared deviation below a stated target.

A

A target semivariance.

24
Q

What does the Chebyshev’s Inequality give?

A

The inequality gives the proportion of values

within k standard deviations of the mean

25
What is the coefficient of variation?
The ratio of the standard deviation of a set of observations to their mean value
26
How is skewness computed?
The average cubed deviation from the mean standardized by dividing by the standard deviation cubed to make the measure free of scale.
27
a measure of the combined weight of the tails of a distribution relative to the rest of the distribution
Kurtosis
28
A distribution that has fatter tails than the normal distribution is called
leptokurtic
29
Distribution that has thinner tails than the normal distribution is called
platykurtic
30
a distribution identical to the normal distribution as concerns relative weight in the tails is called
mesokurtic
31
For all normal distributions, kurtosis is equal to
3
32
the use of _______ rather than arithmetic scales is more appropriate when graphing past performance
semilogarithmic
33
The more uncertain the returns, the more _____ exists between the arithmetic and geometric means
divergence
34
Chebyshev's inequality
1 - 1/(k^2) -> % contained in k standard deviations from the mean
35
Formula for location
Ly = (n+1) X (y/100)
36
Coefficient of variation formula
Standard deviation/mean