STATISTIC

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the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer questions. In addition, statistics is about providing a measure of confidence in any conclusions.

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STATISTICS

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is important because it enables people to make decisions based on empirical evidence.

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STATISTICS

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provides us with tools needed to convert massive data into pertinent information that can be used in decision making.

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STATISTICS

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can provide us information that we can use to make sensible decisions

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STATISTICS

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The information referred to the definition is the ?

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DATA

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“factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation”.

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DATA

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Basic Statistical Terms:

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PISSDIP

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is the total or entire group of individuals or observations from which information is desired by a researcher. Apart from persons, a population may consist of mosquitoes, villages, institution, etc.

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• Population

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is a person or object that is a member of the population being studied

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individual

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is a numerical summary of a sample

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statistic

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is the subset of the population

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• Sample

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consist of organizing and summarizing data. Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs

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• Descriptive statistics

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uses methods that take a result from a sample, extend it to the population, and measure the reliability of the result.

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• Inferential statistics

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is a numerical summary of a population

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parameter

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are the characteristics of the individuals within the population. For example, recently my mother and I planted a tomato plant in our backyard.

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Variables

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(Categorical) is variable that yields categorical responses. It is a word or a code that represents a class or category

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Qualitative variables

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(Numeric) takes on numerical values representing an amount or quantity.

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Quantitative variables

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is a quantitative variable that either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. If you count to get the value of a quantitative variable, it is discrete.

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discrete variable

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is a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable. If you measure to get the value of a quantitative variable, it is continuous.

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continuous variable

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They are sometimes called categorical scales or categorical data. Such a scale classifies persons or objects into two or more categories. Whatever the basis for classification, a person can only be in one category, and members of a given category have a common set of characteristics

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Nominal Level

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Method of payment (cash, check, debit card, credit card)

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Nominal Level

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Type of school (public vs. private)

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Nominal Level

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Eye Color (Blue, Green, Brown)

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Nominal Level

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This involves data that may be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or meaningless. An ordinal scale not only classifies subjects but also ranks them in terms of the degree to which they possess a characteristics of interest. In other words, an ordinal scale puts the subjects in order from highest to lowest, from most to least. Although ordinal scales indicate that some subjects are higher, or lower than others, they do not indicate how much higher or how much better.

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Ordinal Level

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Food Preferences - Stage of Disease - Social Economic Class (First, Middle, Lower) - Severity of Pain

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Ordinal Level

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This is a measurement level not only classifies and orders the measurements, but it also specifies that the distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to high interval. A value of zero does not mean the absence of the quantity. Arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed on values of the variable.

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Interval Level

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- Temperature on Fahrenheit/Celsius Thermometer - Trait anxiety (e.g., high anxious vs. low anxious) - IQ (e.g., high IQ vs. average IQ vs. low IQ)

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Interval Level

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A ratio scale represents the highest, most precise, level of measurement. It has the properties of the interval level of measurement and the ratios of the values of the variable have meaning. A value of zero means the absence of the quantity. Arithmetic operations such as multiplication and division can be performed on the values of the variable.

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Ratio Level

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- Height and weight - Time

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Ratio Level

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is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

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Data Collection

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Provide a first-hand account of an event or time period and are considered to be authoritative. They represent original thinking, reports on discoveries or events, or they can share new information. Often these sources are created at the time the events occurred but they can also include sources that are created later. They are usually the first formal appearance of original research.

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Primary Sources

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The researcher has direct contact with the interviewee. The researcher gathers information by asking questions to the interviewee.

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Direct personal interviews

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This method of data collection involve sourcing and accessing existing data that were originally collected for the purpose of the study.

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Indirect/Questionnaire Method

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is a group interview of approximately six to twelve people who share similar characteristics or common interests. A facilitator guides the group based on a predetermined set of topics.

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Focus Group

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is a method of collecting data where there is direct human intervention on the conditions that may affect the values of the variable of interest.

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Experiment

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is a technique that involves systematically selecting, watching, and recoding behaviors of people or other phenomena and aspects of the setting in which they occur, for the purpose of getting (gaining) specified information. It includes all methods from simple visual observations to the use of high-level machines and measurements, sophisticated equipment, or facilities.

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Observation

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offer an analysis, interpretation or a restatement of primary sources and are persuasive. They often involve generalization, synthesis, interpretation, commentary, or evaluation to convince the reader of the creator's argument. They often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.

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Secondary Sources

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It may include availability of resources, man power, budget, ethics and sampling frame.

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Non-statistical considerations

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It will include the desired precision of the estimate

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Statistical considerations

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Also called sampling error, the level of precision, is the range in which the true value of the population is estimated to be.

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Level of Precision

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It is statistical measure of the number of times out of 100 that results can be expected to be within a specified range.

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Confidence Interval

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. The more heterogeneous a population is, the larger the sample size is required to get an optimum level of precision.

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Degree of Variability

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is used to calculate the sample size n given the population size and error.

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Slovin’s Formula