Station 1: Axial Skeleton Flashcards
What are the 3 components of the axial skeleton?
Skull Vertebral Column -Cervical (7) -Thoracic (12) -Lumbar (5) -Sacral Curvature (5) -Coccyx (4) Thoracic Cavity
Name, Classify and Landmarks (6) of Cervical Vertebra 1 (C1)
Name: Atlas
Classify: Irregular
Landmarks:
- Transverse Foreman
- Superior Articular Facet
- Lateral Masses
- Anterior Arch
- Anterior Tubercle
- Posterior Tubercle
Name, Classify and Landmarks (7) of Cervical Vertebra 2 (C2)
Name: Axis
Classify: Irregular
Landmarks:
- Spinous Process
- Vertebral Foreman
- Lamina
- Body
- Superior Articular Facet
- Transverse Process
- Dens
Name, Classify and Landmarks (3) of Cervical Vertebra 3-6 (C3-C6)
Name: C3-C6
Classify: irregular
Landmarks:
- Body (oval)
- Vertebral Foreman (large and generally triangular)
- Transverse Foraman
Name, Classify and Landmarks (8) of Cervical Vertebra 7 (C7)
Name: C7 or Vertebra Prominant
Classify: irregular
Landmarks:
- Bi-ford Spinous Process
- Body
- Transverse Process
- Transverse Foreman
- Vertebral Foreman
- Facets
- Inferior articulating process
- Superior articulating process
Name, Classify and Landmarks of Thoracic Vertebrae
Name: Thoracic Vertebra
Number: 12 vertebrae
Classify: Irregular
Landmarks:
- Transverse Foramen
- Transverse Costal Facet (tubercle of rib)*
- Inferior Costal Facet (head of rib)*
- Spinous Process (long and points sharply downwards)
- Body (Heart shaped)
- Superior Articular process
- Inferior Articular process
- Demi Facets
Pointers:
- 2 small facets on superior and inferior sides
- Giraffe face
Name, Classify and Landmarks of Lumbar Vertebrae
Name: Lumbar Vertebrae
Classify: Irregular
Landmarks:
- Body (kidney bean)
- Transverse process
- spinous process
- Superior articular process
- Inferior articular process
Pointers:
- Sturdier structure
- Orientation of the facets of the Articular processes differs - face inwards to lock them together for increased stability by preventing rotation
- Spinal process is short, flat and hatched shape (robust and project directly backwards
- Mouses head
- Larger in size for increased force applied - Wolfs Law
The Sacrum
- Number of fused bones in Sacrum
- Classify
- Landmarks (6)
Fused Bones: 5
Classify: Irregular
Landmarks:
- Body
- Sacral canal
- Articular surface
- Lateral sacral crest
- Median sacral crest
- Sacral Foremina
The Thoracic Cage (The Bony Thorax)
What is its function and its components
Note the directional terminology of each
Forms a protective cage around the visceral organs:
- Thoracic cage (posterior)
- Ribs (lateral)
- Costal cartilages (anterior)
- Sternum (anterior)
The Ribs
How many ribs form the sides of the thoracic cage?
What are the three types of pairs?
What is a significant feature about the ribs attachment?
Rib Cage: Ribs 1-12
True Ribs
- Ribs 1-7
- Vertebrosternal
False Ribs
- Ribs 8-12
- Vertebrochondral (8-10)
- Vertebral (“floating”) (11-12)
Significance of attachment:
- Do not attach directly to allow for elasticity
- Ability to inhale and exhale with lungs
True Ribs (Ribs 1-7)
What is the name of these ribs?
Attachment (direct, indirect)
Name: Vertebrosternal ribs
Attachment: 2 DIRECT points of attachment
Posterior:”Vertebro”
-Directly to throacic vertebrae
Anterior:”Sternal”
-Directly to sternum by individual costal cartilages (bars of hyaline cartilage)
False Ribs (Ribs 8-10)
What is the name of these ribs?
Attachment (direct, indirect)
Name: Vertebrochondral ribs
Attachment: INDIRECT
- Indirect sternal attachment
- Each joining the costal cartilages immediately above
False Ribs (Ribs 11-12)
What is the name of these ribs?
Attachment
Name: Vertebral (“Floating Ribs”)
Attachment: NONE
- No sternal attachment
- Their costal cartilages lie embedded in the muscles of the lateral body wall
The Sternum
Name the Body Landmarks
Landmarks
- Manubrium
- Sternal Angle
- Body
- Xiphoid Process
- Xiphi-sternal Joint (Body and Xyphoid Process)
The Intervertebral (IV) Discs
Name its parts
Attachment
Injury that can occur here
Parts:
- Annular Fibrosis
- Nucleus Pulposus
Attachment:
- Body of vertebrae
- Providing an articulating surface
Injury if structure of IV disc is damaged:
- Herniated vertebral disc
- Disc pops out of place posteriorly
Joints of the Vertebral Column
How many articulations are there between each vertebra?
Name and classify each
- Zygopopheseal Joint
- Between the facets of ajacent vertebrae
- Synovial plane Diathrotic Nonaxial - Intravertebral Joint
- Between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
- Cartilaginous Symphasis Ampiathrotic
Joint between C1 and C2
How does this joint differ from the joints of the vertebral column?
Joint: Atlanto-axial Joint
Classify: Synovial Pivot Diathrotic uniaxial
Movement: Allows for rotation
Joint between Ribs and Thoracic cage
Hint: Same name and classification
What about the 1st Rib?
Name: Costovertebral Joint
Classification: Synovial Plane Diathrotic Nonaxial
1st Rib:
- Connected by hyaline cartilage, therefor not costovertebral joint
- ClassificationL Cartaligenous Synchondrosis Synathrotic
Joints of the Thoracic cage
Hint: This is a unique joint
Sternoclavicular Joint
- Medial end of the clavicle articulating with the sternum
- Synovial Shallow Saddle Diathrotic Multiaxial
- Shallow Saddle allows for elevation, depression, rotation, protraction and retraction
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the general function of these ligaments?
Name these ligaments
Hint: There are 6
- Ligaments attach bone to bone
- Limit movement
- Help to hold IV discs in place
6 types:
- Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
- Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
- Intertransverse Ligament
- Ligamental Flavum
- Interspinous Ligament
- Supraspinous Ligament
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column:
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
- Location
- Role
Location:
- Runs along anterior surface of vertebrae (closest to front of body)
- Attaches to the body of the vertebrae
Roles:
- Limits HYPERextention (leaning back)
- Limits forward displacement of the IV Disc (herniated disc)
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column:
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
- Location
- Role
Location:
- Runs along posterior surface of vertebrae (closest to back)
- Attaches inside foramen
Roles:
-Limits flexion (leaning forward)
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column:
Intertransverse Ligament
- Location
- Role
Location:
- Transverse Process to Transverse Process
- non-continuous
Roles:
-Limits lateral flexion
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column:
Ligamentum Flavum
- Location
- Role
Location:
-Laminae to Laminae
Roles:
- ‘Brakes’ flexion (controls flexion velocity)
- Limits flexion
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column:
Interspinous Ligament
- Location
- Role
Location:
-Spinous Process to Spinous Process
Roles:
-Limits flextion
-Blends into supraspinous ligament
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column:
Supraspinous Ligament
- Location
- Role
Location:
-Posterior ends of spinous process
Roles:
-Limits flexion
